exam 1 Flashcards
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
described bacteria
Charles Darwin
developing the theory of evolution by natural selection
Josiah Nott
yellow fever and malaria
Robert Koch
proof of disease, Koch’s postulates: All cases of disease have agent; no healthy hosts have agent. Agents must be isolated and cultured from diseased hosts. Agents should always cause disease when introduced into a healthy host. Agent must be reisolated from infected host, and shown to be identical to those isolated from original host
Louis Pastuer
the study of molecular asymmetry; discovered that microorganisms cause fermentation and disease; originated the process of pasteurization
Paul Ewald
evolution of infectious disease. Early proponent of darwinian medicine.
Agostini Bassi
first document of infectious agent (insect fungal pathogen)
Robert Hooke
polymath- described cells
Carolus Linneaus
All life can be arranged hierarchically, Invented taxonomy, especially important for insects. Was also Eurocentric when it came to humans.
Hemimetabolous: (incomplete metamorphosis
odonata: dragonflies. Phasmida: walking sticks. Orthoptera: grasshoppers and crickets. Dictyoptera: cockroaches, mantids, termites. Hemiptera: true bugs. Phthiraptera: lice.
Holometabolous:
Siphonaptera: Fleas. Diptera: Flies. Lepidoptera: Butterflies and moths. Hymenoptera: Wasps, ants, bees. Coleoptera: Beetles
Ticks
ametabolous (no metamorphosis)
John Snow
germ theory; cholera outbreak investigation: sued data collection and mapping to pinpoint a contaminated water pump on broad street in London as the source of a cholera epidemic.
Ignaz Semmelweis: germ theory
Handwashing in hospitals: Observed that doctors transferring from autopsies to deliveries were causing high rates of puerperal fever, and mandated handwashing with chlorinated solution in maternity wards, significantly reducing mortality rates.
Hypothesis
a statement of fact (present tense) about how the world works. Can be tested with objective observations, ideally from experiments, field observations are also valid. So, John Snow tested the hypothesis that cholera is transmitted through water, and found evidence to support this.
Mutualism
symbiosis that is beneficial to both organisms involved.
Epidemiology
steams from epidemic. epi= upon. demos= people. The pattern of disease in a defined population of people- at risk population. Can be any disease or injury. Techniques widely applicable. Allows inference to aetiology- the causes of disease
Tagmata
are functional body regions
Transovarial transmission
through the egg stage
Hematophagy
parasitism with small impact on host. But opportunity for pathogen/ other parasite transmission
Infection
once a pathogen gets into the body it: reproduces/develops, moves to other, often specific tissues, tries to get into the next body.
Infestation
similar to infection, but with an arthropod. Usually external but might be in the skin, urinary tract, ears, nose, eyes, lungs. Can be by arthropods that also transmit disease (lice)
Random sampling
sampling must be at random. Without any bias. Captures the range of a population. Easier to say than do.
IgG
expressed later in infection. Most common antibody type. The most general antibody.
IgE
similar in structure to IgG. least abundant antibody in the body. Specialized for parasitic worms, maybe malaria and arthropod infestation. Activates the histamine system responsible for hypersensitive allergies
Phoresy
an association between two organisms in which one (e.g. a mite) travels on the body of another, without being a parasite.
Innate immunity
barriers, generalized attack. more primitive; all organisms have this “type”. Universal barriers to infection; physical. Humoral: in the blood. Complement system. White blood cells. Consume foreign cells. Destroy infected cells
Arthropods
exoskeleton, small size, flight (most insects). Metamorphosis. Fecundity. Adaptability.
Adaptive immunity
specific to a pathogen, antibody mediated: cellular components: lymphocytes: b cells: detects and processes antigens from pathogens/foreign bodies. Produces antibodies. T cells: helper: binds to b cells signals antibody production. Killer: targets cells infected with specific pathogens
classification of life
all life can be arranged hierarchically. keeping-Kingdom, Precious-Phylum. Creatures-Class. Organized-Order. For-Family. Grumpy-Genus. Scientist-Species.
Homo sapiens, tropical animal
modern humans evolved in the AFrican tropics, many of our pathogens/ parasites are also tropical. Alterations in environments = little piece of the tropics. Just et al. 2019 showed that americans prefer temperatures that approximate African highlands in climate. Human evolution: among living creatures, we share a most recent common ancestry with the chimpanzees and bonobo. Both of us (chimps, bonobos and humans) chare the next most common ancestor with the gorilla. WE are great apes, which are primates, which are eutherian mammals, which are animals. We are not plants
Complex life evolved:
from cells engulfing mitochondria (and that bacteria lack them!)
Skin to skin
spread through direct contact and touch. Not common, very rarely severe. ex) leprosy, impetigo, yaws,
Fecal-oral
usually associated with the digestive tract. Can oftentimes spread through contaminated food. Ex) norovirus, polio, salmonella, vibrio cholerae, giardia
Blood-borne
transmitted when blood is exchanged. Often-time through improperly sterilized medical equipment like needles and syringes. ex) hepatitis b/c, HIV and ebola.
STDs
transmitted through sexual intercourse. Often slow to progress to serious disease. Viral examples: HIV, herpes, Hepatitis B. bacterial examples: syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhea.
Indirect transmission:
involves transmission from agent to a host through some intermediate pathways.
Fomite transmission
a fomite is an inanimate object that carries a disease and causes infection. ex) syringes, bed lines, unwashed dishes, toilets, door handles.
Food and water borne
often use fecal-oral transmission routes but hitch a ride between hosts in food and water supplies. Cause many diarrheal disease, ex) cholera, e coli
Nosocomial or iatrogenic
nosocomial: originating in a hospital or more generally a healthcare facility. Iatrogenic: originating from medical examination or treatment. Often spread by fomites, healthcare workers or poor hygiene practices. ex) staphylococcus aureus.
Vector-borne transmission
a high class of mostly arthropod transmitted pathogens. Arthropod vectors: mosquitoes, files, ticks, mites. Viruses: dengue, west nile, yellow fever. Bacteria: typhus, rocking mountain spotted fever. Protozoa: malaria, leishmaniasis. Worms: elephantiasis, river blindness
Four humors
Greek physicians believed in holistic balance between four humors: Blood, Yellow Bile, Phlegm, Black bile. Generally accepted until the renaissance. Advances did come from the Musilm world.
