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exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is beta oxidation?

A

Beta oxidation is the metabolic process by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA.

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2
Q

True or False: Beta oxidation occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.

A

False: Beta oxidation occurs in the mitochondria.

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: The first step of beta oxidation involves the activation of fatty acids to form _______.

A

fatty acyl-CoA.

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4
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes the first step of beta oxidation?

A

Acyl-CoA synthetase.

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5
Q

What is the end product of one cycle of beta oxidation?

A

One molecule of acetyl-CoA and a shortened fatty acyl-CoA.

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6
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a product of beta oxidation? A) Acetyl-CoA B) NADH C) Glucose D) FADH2

A

C) Glucose.

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7
Q

What is the role of FAD in beta oxidation?

A

FAD is reduced to FADH2 during the dehydrogenation step of beta oxidation.

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8
Q

True or False: Beta oxidation is a cyclic process.

A

True: It consists of multiple cycles until the fatty acid is fully oxidized.

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9
Q

What happens to the acetyl-CoA produced from beta oxidation?

A

It enters the Krebs cycle for further energy production.

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10
Q

what is the math for 129 atp forming from 1 palmitate molecule? (16:0)

A

1 cleavage = 1 fadh2 and 1 nadh, which amounts to 5 atp which u multiply by the amount of cleavages (7) and then multiple 8 acetyl coa by 12 atp from krebs cycle, add together and the -2

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11
Q

in trans-config the shape of the hydrocarbons is?

A

linear

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12
Q

in cis-config the shape of the hydrocarbons is?

A

bent

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13
Q

how many double bonds does a MUFA have, and name an example of one

A

mufa have one double bond, and a common mufa is olive oil

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14
Q

how many double bonds does a PUFA have and name an example of one

A

pufa’s have 2+ double bonds and a common pufa is fish

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15
Q

scfa have how many carbons?

A

2-4 carbons : with 0 double bonds

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16
Q

acetic acid (a scfa) has how many carbons

A

2

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17
Q

MCFA have how many carbons

A

from 6,8,10 carbons

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18
Q

caproic acid has how many carbons

A

6

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19
Q

how many carbons does caprylic acid have

A

8

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20
Q

how many carbons does capric acid have?

A

10

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21
Q

do lcfa have multiple double bonds?

A

yes, some such as oleic acid have more than one double bond

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22
Q

unsaturated fatty acids reduce risk of?

A

heart disease

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23
Q

why do we need linoleic and lenoleic acid?

A

because we do not make the enzyme that the c12 needs

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24
Q

how many grams of linoleic acid do we need?

A

12-17 g/d

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25
how much omega 3 does a person need in a day?
1.1-1.6
26
what is a eicosanoid
a 20 carbon fatty acid that is produced from arachidonic or n-3 fatty acids
27
effects of eicosanoids
vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, hormone secretion
28
cyclic pathway of arachidonic acid
pgg2 ->pgh2 -> thromboxane a2 (PT WAY)
29
linear pathway of arachidonic acid
leukotriene lta4 -> leukotriene c4 : L WAY
30
is cholesterol essential?
nope
31
sterols are the precursor of?
sterois such as bile acid and sex hormones
32
how is lipase involved in lipid digestion?
this enzyme breaks down TG -> 2,3 DG -> 2 MG and FFA, essentially removing sn1 and sn3
33
how are phospholipases involved in lipid digestion?
phospholipase a-2 for example, removes FA from sn-2 position
34
how is cholesterol esterase involved in lipid digestion
it removes fa from cholesterol esters
35
What do the products of lipid digestion form?
micelles, with the aid of bile salts/acids
36
lipid absorption simplified
lipids hydrolyzed in the lumen-> enterocytes repackage lipids into chylomicrons -> enter lymphatic circulation
37
lipid digestion simplified
big lipid -> tag impacted by stomach and turns into DAG bc of lingual and gastric -> enters lumen
38
direct absorption to blood albumin occurs with what kind of fatty acids?
sc, mc, ffa; all the others need to be made small before entering lymphatic circulation
39
how many kcals does alcohol give
7 kcal
40
is alcohol digested
no
41
alcohol dehydrogenase pathway occurs in the
cytoplasm
42
what does the adh pathway require
nad+ to make adh
43
does the adh pathway have limited capacity
yes, since the liver is capped each hour to make adh
44
micromol ethanol oxidizing system occurs in the
er
45
meos oxidizes what concurrently
nadph
46
what controls meos
how much alcohol is consumed
47
does the body prioritize ethanol metabolism
yes, it stops other metabolic processes
48
what kind of toxicity occurs with alcohol
acetaldehyde toxicity
49
what is cirrhosis
hepatic tissue injury long-term
50
what ratio is high with alcoholism
nad+: nadh
51
fatty liver causes
fatty acid synthesis, tg synthesis,
52
what is impaired in alcoholism
gluconeogenesis
53
why does alcoholism cause vitamin a deficiency
it causes retinol dehydrogenase doesn't become obstructed
54
what deficiency is caused by alcoholism
vitamin a
55
what are the health benefits
hdl-c , platelet aggregation,
56
what are the functions of protein
enzymes, peptide hormones, structural proteins, transport, immunoproteins, buffers
57
define the primary protein structure
it is a sequence of amino acids with a polypeptide backbone with side chains
58
secondary protein structure
the bonding is usually hydrogen bonding between amino acids and a protein
59
what is an alpha helix (secondary protein)
it is a coiling along every 4th amino acid
60
what is a b-pleated sheet (Secondary protein)
protein that folds back on itself
61
what is random coiling in secondary protein
side-chain interference due to the side chain and size
62
tertiary protein structure
interactions of aa from a long distance producing binding and looping determining shape and function
63
key characteristic of tertiary protein structures
disulfide bridges
64
quarternary protein structure and an example of one
two or more polypeptide units: hemoglobin
65
essential amino acids acronym acide from lino and leno
pvt mt hill
66
indispensable amino acids are
essential amino acids
67
dispensable amino acids are
nonessential amino acids
68
eaa food with the lowest score (limiting)
not eggs, they are the highest
69

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