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Microbiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What group of pathogens are the #1 cause of the common cold

A

Rhinovirus

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2
Q

Herpes occur in the….

A

mucocutaneous junction

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3
Q

Dermatome

A

is the skin innervated by a particular nerve

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4
Q

HHV4 is also called

A

Espstein-Bar virus

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5
Q

HHV4 causes

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma in immunocompromised and infectious mononucleosis

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6
Q

What is the function of reverse transcriptase

A

(a)RNA-directed DNA Polymerase aka will read ssRNA and make a copy of DNA
(b) RNAase, which will destory own RNA
(c) DNA Polymerase

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7
Q

What is the function of Integrase

A

Can integrate HIV genome into human/host genome

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8
Q

What is the function of protease

A

cuts the concatamer peptide

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9
Q

Virus defintion

A

are obligate intracellular parasite

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10
Q

Growth in virus is defined as

A

growth in population

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11
Q

Virion

A

individual viral particle

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12
Q

Nucleocaspid

A

contain the genome and capsid portion of the envelope virus

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13
Q

naked virus components

A

genome and protein capsid

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14
Q

Envelope virus components

A

genome and protein capsid and envelope( has the glycoprotein)

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15
Q

Envelope Virus characteristic

A

less infectious b/c required a specific host and envelope itself is unstable outside the host

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16
Q

What do naked viruses use to bind/enter the host

A

capsomere

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17
Q

What do envelope viruses use to bind/enter the host

A

glycoproteins

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18
Q

range is determined by

A

host’s proteins

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19
Q

lytic and lysogeny cycle take place in only

A

bacteriophage!

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20
Q

Mechanism of entry

A

1.) Direct penetration - complex bacteria
2.) membrane fusion - envelope virus only
3.) Endocytosis- naked and envelope

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21
Q

Direct penetration

A

Virius enjects gemone into host , method is specific to naked virion

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22
Q

Mechanism of exit

A

1.) Lysis-
2.) Budding-
3.) exocytosis-

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23
Q

Budding

A

when new viral participles are made within the cell, glycoproteins are made on the cell membrane.

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24
Q

what is the difference between membrane fusion and endocytosis

A

Membrane fusion refers only to envelope viruses, while endocytosis refers to both envelope and naked viruses. The cell engulfs the virus

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25
Q

exocytosis

A

The virion is housed within a membrane in the cytoplasm of the host cell & then fuses with the host membrane

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26
Q

what year was the influenza flu

A

1918

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27
Q

characteristics of influenza

A
  • has ssRNA and is segmented into 8 pieces
    -can effect many aka board host
    -stable envelope virus! meaning it can live outside of the host aka fomite(lives on surfaces)
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28
Q

What are the name glycoproteins on influenza

A

Hemagglutinin (HA): gets virion into the host cell
Neurominidase (NA): gets virion out of host cell

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29
Q

For humans HA1-HA4 attack…

A

alpha 2,6 glycosides linkages

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30
Q

For birds HA5-HA16 attack…

A

alpha 2,3 glycosides linkages

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31
Q

For piggies what strains infect pigs

A

All H1-H16 :(

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32
Q

Specifically, what two sugars do the strains attack?

A

salic acids and galactose. Strains binds to the bond!

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33
Q

Antigenic Drift

A

Slow and gradual change in HA and NA b/c of mutation over time. There is some degree of immunity b/c new flu variation aren’t always different from pervious version of seasonal flu

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34
Q

Antigenic Shift

A

Sudden and drastic changes in HA and NA due to reassortment in a common cell. There is no residual immunity, which results in more severe illness ex. influenza

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35
Q

HIV

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

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36
Q

HIV came from

A

SIV= Simian immunodeficiency virus

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37
Q

HIV is considered a emergency disease

A

b/c its technically new

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38
Q

What are the glycoproteins in HIV

A

gp120 and gp41

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38
Q

HIV Characteristics

A

Envelope virus- fragile w/out host cell
RNA Genome- 2 segmented
no proofreading
glycoproteins

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39
Q

how do the HIV glycoproteins bind to host cells

A

gp 120 binds to CD4 receptors on T-cells, which then CXCR4 proteins also come to bind. The head of gp120 is torn off, exposing gp41. gp41 onsets into the host membrane fusing into the cell. The nucleocapsids empties into the cell cytoplasm, where it will uncoat

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40
Q

what are the 3 enzymes in HIV

A

protease, transcriptase, integrase

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41
Q

what is the difference b/n sign and symptons

A

signs are observable by others and symptoms are subjective to the patient

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42
Q

SARS-COV-2 Virus Characteristics

A
  • envelope- doesn’t follow stereotype aka needs host
    -RNA genome
    -has proofreading abilities!
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42
Q

what are the 3 criteria to diagnose aids

A
  • HIV positive
    -T4 cells under 200
    -combinations of diagnostic opportunistic infection
    keep in mind that pathogens will also behave differently*
43
Q

Common cold don’t have a intermediate host

44
Q

What is the intermediate host for SARS-COVID?

45
Q

What is the intermediate host for MERS

46
Q

What is the intermediate host for Covid-19

47
Q

what does proofreading ability in a virus tell us?

A

If there is proofreading ability then there is low probability of mutation, therefore less variants!

48
Q

What are the glycoproteins for COVID

A

S glycoproteins trimer

49
Q

What proteins do S glycoprotein trimer(spike proteins bind to)?

50
Q

What is the first virus to cause cancer?

A

HERPES, specifically HHV4 aka Epstein-Barr

51
Q

HHVI causes

A

cold sores

52
Q

HHV2 causes

A

lies dormant in cells bodies

53
Q

HHV3

A

Varicella Zoster Virus

54
Q

Another name for Varicella Zoster Virus

A

Chicken pox

55
Q

If you had chicken pox as a child there is 20% it will appear in adulthood it is known as

A

Herpes Zoster aka shingles

56
Q

Measles cause

A

encephalitis which is swelling in the brain. This eventually leads to death

56
Q

Rash causing infections

A

HHV3(chicken pox)
Mumps
Measles
Rubella

57
Q

Measles

A

caused by MeV virus
has a Ro=18
highly contagious
1 in 3 out of 1000 die from measles

58
Q

Measles is dignosed

A

by Rubeola–Koplics spots

59
Q

Rubella diagnosed by

A

flat spots

59
Q

mumps

A

caused by MuV
spreads through the air

60
Q

mumps causes

A

meningitis
deafness and/or blindness
inflammation in the testis

61
Q

Mumps is diagnosed by

A

parotitics- inflammation of salivary glands

62
Q

Rubela

A

caused by RuV
acts like a teratogen- causes birth defects like CRS

62
Q

Rubella is also known as

A

“german measles”

63
Q

Papillimovirus also known as

63
Q

NON rash causing infections

A

Papillimovirus
Polio
Variola Major

64
Q

Variola Major also known as

64
Q

how many Papillimovirus infect humans

65
Q

how many Papillimovirus cause genital warts

66
Q

what was the first disease to be eradicated

A

Variola Major

67
Q

How many coronavirus can effect humans?

A

7 ( will be on exam)

68
Q

Criteria for eradicating pathogens

A

1.) Humans must be the only host
2.) no asymptomatic symptoms
3.) Symptoms have to appear before contagion
4.) Vaccines needs to be cheap and good

69
Q

Why must Humans be the only host?

A

Less host means less mutations= less variants, therefore easier to control

70
Q

why must there be “no asymptomatic symptoms”

A

showing no symptoms can still transmit the pathogen, making detecting and controlling the disease harder

71
Q

Poliomyelitis aka polio caused by

A

poliovirus

71
Q

effects of polio

A

loss of muscle control

72
Q

is polio eradicated?

A

in 2010 it was believed to been eradicated, however, it is still prevalent in other countries

74
Q

Paillomarivirus can causes what type of cancers

A

cervical cancer for women
rectal and oral cancers for men
which is why its important for teens to get HPV vaccines

74
Q

what are the inputs for glycolysis?

A

1 glucose molecule (C-C bonds)
2 ATP
2NAD

75
Q

what are the outputs for glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate
2NADH
4ATP(2 ATP net)

76
Q

what are the inputs for the prepping of pyruvate

A

2 pyruvate (2 C-C bonds)

77
Q

what are the outputs for the prepping of pyruvate

A

2 Acetyl CoA
2 Co2
2NADH

78
Q

what are the outputs for the KREB

A

6 NADH
2ATP
2FADH

79
Q

what are the inputs for the KREB

A

2 Acetyl CoA (2 C-C bonds)

80
Q

Why do Prokaryotic make 38ATP and Eukaryotic make 36ATP

A

In prokaryotic there are no membrane bounds organelles, meaning less energy is used to enter. Eukayrotics on the other hand HAVE membrane-bound organelles and it takes time and energy to enter organelles

81
Q

Under Idea conditions, the complete anaerobic fermentation of one glucose will yield the net gain of..

A

2 ATP molecules

83
Q

Extremophiles

A

bacteria that thrive at or requires various extreme conditions

84
Q

examples of extremophiles

A

Thermophile, hyperthermophiles, psychrophiles

85
Q

Psychrophiles

A

thrive on low temperature i.e 5C

86
Q

Thermophiles

A

thrive at 80C

87
Q

Hyperthermophilies

A

thrive at 110C

88
Q

Acidophiles

A

need low Ph(acidic)

88
Q

Alkaliphiles

A

need very high ph (basic)

89
Q

Halophiles

A

require high salt concentration

90
Q

Barophiles

A

require high pressure

91
Q

Fastideous

A

bacteria that require, usually multiple, specific nutrients in order to grow

92
Q

Permissive

A

Bacteria are versatile about the nutrients they need to grow, since they can synthesise many of their own

93
Q

Auxotroph

A

Bacteria cannot synthesize one particular nutrient. Usually a human-made mutant strain

94
Q

Wild-type

A

non-mutant strains of bacteria. Occurs in nature

95
Q

Differential Media

A

Culture media allows us to distinguish among microorganisms based on their metabolic traits. Many species grow one the plate, but will look different

96
Q

Selective media

A

culture media provides some advantage to certain species but not others. This leads to some species growing and other no

97
Q

Complex Media

A

Culture media is made from whole biological sources, like blood or animal organs. The exact chemical composition of the ingredients is unknown and potentially variable

Microbiology (6 decks)

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