Exam 2 Flashcards
Which type of organism has an open circulatory system?
a. Polychaete worm
b. octopus
c. scallop
d. Sea anemone
C. Scallop
Which organism exhibits radial symmetry
a. coral
b. sponge
c. polychaete
d. clam
coral
What type of bivalve cements itself to the seafloor forming reefs?
a. clam
b.mussel
c. scallop
d. oyster
oyster
which type of worm is not a member of phylum annelida
a. earthworm
b. roundworms
c. polychaetes
d. leaches
roundworms
What is the difference between filter feeding and passive suspension feeding?
A. passive suspension feeders consume larger species of plankton
b. filters feeders consume larger species of plankton
c. passive suspension feeders eat organic matter found in sediments that they burrow through
d. filter feeders generate currents to increase the amount of water they can process
D. filter feeders generate currents to increase the amount of water that they can process
What is NOT a life style exhibited by some polychaete worms
a. Epifaunal carnivore
b. Pelagic predators that consume nekton
c. deep-sea tube worms that host chemosynthetic bacteria
d. burrowing deposit feeders
b. Pelagic predators that consume nekton
What is NOT a common characteristic of a gastropod?
a. Enlarged thickened mantle
b. A muscular foot used for crawling
c. radula used to graze on algae
d. single shell that is often coiled
A. enlarged, thickened mantle
What is NOT a type of cell found in a sponge
a. amebocyte
b. collar cell
c. porocyte
d. nematocyst
D. Nematocyst
Which habitat has the lowest amount of net primary production
A. Salt mash
B. Kelp forest
C. Open Ocean
D. Seagrass bed
C. Open Ocean
Which characteristics on invertebrate evolved last?
A. Bilateral symmetry
B. Coeloms
C. True Tissues
D. Radial symmetry
B. Coeloms
kelp are a member of this phylum
Phaeophyta
the only invertebrate phylum where organisms do not have true tissues
Porifera
Bivalves, gastropods and cephalopods are all classes that belong to this phylum
Mollusca
What phylum do round worms belong to
Nematoda
Corals and jellyfish are examples of this diploblastic phylum
Cnidaria
what phylum have segmented worms that usually have parapodia
annelida
What phylum has ribbon worms that have a round, unsegmented body and a proboscis used to capture prey
Nemertea
What phylum have flatworms that can be either free-living or parasitic
Platyhelminthes
Organisms with radial, indeterminate cleavage where blastopore develops into the anus
Deuterostome echinoderms and chordates
An algal extract found in many processed foods
Carregeenan
Both sponges and clams use this feeding mode to consume phytoplankton and organic matter found in the water column
suspension feeding
Forest form of these partially submerged, salt-tolerant plants that grow in tropical and subtropical climates
Mangrove
A tissue layer found in molluscs that is used to secrete their shell
mantle
A fluid-filled cavity that contains the organs in many animals
coelom
A common salt marsh grass found on the east coast of the US
Spartina
Cells that octopuses and squid contract to change their colors
chromatphores
Spiny structures found in sponges that provide structural support
Spicules
The body of a snail twist following the spiral shape of its shell
Torsion
Snails and nudibranchs belong to this class
Gastropod
Organisms that are part of the plankton for their entire life cycle
holoplankton
comb jellies use these eight tows of cilia to move
Ctene
A type of parasitic flatworm. these are also called trematodes
Fluke
The central opening in a sponge from which water exits
Osculum
A type of bivalve that is capable of swimming short distances by clapping together its shells
Scallops
A stage in the life cycle of marine algae where it only has one set of chromosomes. In other words, this is the haploid stage of the algae’s life cycle.
gametophyte
Corals and anemones belong to this class or organisms
Anthozoa
Molluscs with a set of eight overlapping shells
chiton
Stinging cells found in jellyfishes and coral
cnidocyte
A deep-sea orgnism that has some characteristics of octopuses and some characteristics of squid
Vampire squid
Red algae
Rhodophyta
An animal whose mouth is formed from the blastopore spiral, determinate cleavage, mollusk, annelids, arthopods
Protostome
Release millions of gametes into the water and hope they find each other
Broadcast spawning
All organisms that swim actively in open water, independent of currents
Nekton
An organ covered with teeth that mollusks use to scrape food into their mouth
Radula
A process in which an animal engulf sediments indiscriminately and processes them through its digestive tract to extract nourishment
Deposit feeding
Polyp(mouth and tentacles up) Medusa( mouth and tentacles down)
Form of Cnidarians
What are the three layers of cells in a triploblastic organism
Endoderm, Mesoderm, and ectoderm
Jellyfish are reported to be increasing in abundance in many ecosystems. What are some hypothesis discussed in class to why this change is occurring? How might the increased abundance of jellyfish impact other organisms in marine ecosystems?
Overfishing reduces predators and competitors of jellyfish.
Climate change increase water temperature, favoring jellyfish reproduction.
Eutrophication
Coastal development
Impact on Marine ecosystems: This can cause increased predation, clogging of fishing nets
Discuss three examples of characteristics that certain groups of mollusks lack
Soft-bodied
bilateral symmetry
A Mantle
If you were able to follow up on the research performed by Mehta et al (2020) what hypothesis would you test? How would you go about testing this hypothesis
I might test how different environmental facter influence feeding efficiency
I would conduct field and lab studies manipulating variables like temperature, prey availablity or light conditions
Discuss what it means to be a polyphyletic group. Describe why these 5 phyla may be superficially similar to each other and how they may be different from each other.
The similarities to this: Elongated bodies adapted for burrowing or swimming
The differences are that some have unsegmented and segmented bodies
Come up with a plan on how to mitigate the impacts of a new hotel being built in coastal North Carolina close to an area with such seagrass beds and salt marshes
A) The ecological roles played by seagrass bed and salt marshes
B) The current- day threats to these ecosystem at a national of international scale
A). Provide habitat and nursery grounds for marine life
stabilize sediment and prevent erosion
improve water quality by filtering pollutants
B) Coastal development, pollution, and habitat destruction
Climate change
boat propeller scars and dredging
What is the paradox of the plankton
How has this paradox been resolved
The paradox is that many plankton species coexist despite competition for similar resources
Resolution: Environmental fluctuation
Niche differentiation
Predator-prey dynamics
An example of this would be a seasonal mixing in oceans alters nutrient availability, allowing different species to thrive at different times
What factors would you need to consider and examine to a answer the lifeguard question
assume that you have many tools at your disposal as possible
How might this bloom impact the ecosystem
The factors that need to be consider is nutrients, water temp, and ocean currents
Ecosystem impact include. Oxygen depletion leading to dead zones.
toxin production harmful to marine life and humans
Disruptions to food chains
What is broadcast spawning
What are some examples of organisms that engage in broadcast spawning
Describe two examples of invertebrates that engage in other modes of preproduction beyond broadcast spawning
Broadcast spawning: Release of eggs and sperm into the water for external fertilization
Examples of this is: Corals, Sea urchins, clams
Other reproductive modes is Brooding: Protecting embryo’s inside the body or attached structure
Parthenogenesis: asexual reproduction with fertilization
Name three groups of carnivorous invertebrates that we have discussed in class, describe their diet and discuss their adaptation to a carnivorous life style
Cephalopods
Diets: fish, crustaceans, mollusk
Adaptations: Beak-like jaws, tentacles and with suckers
Cnidarians
Diets: Small fish, zooplankton, crustaceans
adaptations: Tentacles, slow digestion, stinging cells
Echinoderms
Diets: Bivalves, detritus
Adaptation: Tube feet with suction, regeneration
Describe the evolutionary history of invertebrate phyla in terms of
the development of tissues and organs, changes in body symmetry, and developmental biology.
Provide examples of the phyla that first evolved these traits.
Development of tissues and organs: Sponges, Cnidaria, Mollusca
Change in body symmetry
Radial symmetry( Cnidaria, echinodermata)
Bilateral Symmetry ( arthropoda)
Developmental biology: protostomes vs deuterostomes
