Exam 2 Flashcards
What positioning tools are available to use?
pigg-o-stat for CXR
Image criteria for a quality chest radiograph?
- full lung fields
- airway
- peripheral lung markings
- correct rotation
- inspiration
- cardiac silhouette
- mediastinum
- bony structures
- technique
What is most common general radiograph in children?
chest x-ray
What are common causes of free air in the pediatric abdomen?
- perforated peptic ulcer
- trauma
- abdominal surgery
- perforated diverticulitis
- perforation of bowel
How does renal function differ in a newborn?
- healthy full-term infants have a 10% reduction of renal blood flow shortly after birth and then begin to climb back to normal renal blood flow after 5 days
- premature neonates may experience ever lower
renal blood flow and reduced kidney function after
birth because they have limited renal blood flow and reduced GFR
- air in bowl wall
- could be caused by diseases with necrosis of the bowel wall (adults - COPD, ischemic bowel disease, obstructive lesion of the bowel)
Pneumatosis intestinalis
visualization of both sides of the bowel wall
Rigler sign
imaging test of the small intestine. The test looks at how a liquid called contrast material moves through the small intestine
tube placed in duodenum
Enteroclysis
- Idiopathic hypertrophy of muscle fibers of
the pylorus extending to the antrum - Etiology – inherited as a dominant
polygenic trait acquired rather than a
congenital condition - Age – 2-8 weeks of age with the peak
incidence occurring at 3 weeks
Pyloric Stenosis
a birth defect link that occurs when the intestines do not correctly or completely rotate into their normal final position during development
Malrotation
- Dilated air-filled duodenal
bulb with paucity of gas
distally - “Double bubble sign” air fluid
levels in both the stomach
and the duodenum - Isolated gas-filled bowel
distal to obstructed
duodenum
Midgut volvulus
- bowel folded in on its self
- soft tissue mass, often in RUQ
- small bowl obstruction
Intussusception
birth defect that is characterized by poor development of the abdominal muscles, undescended testicles and an abnormal, expanded bladder
Prune belly
air fluid levels in both the stomach and the duodenum
Double bubble sign
- functional unit of the kidney
- 1.2 million per kidney
- cortical, midcortical, juxtamedullary
Nephrons
- kidneys of an unborn baby become enlarged and filled with urine
- can be cause by UPJ obstruction, VUR, UVJ obstruction
Prenatal hydronephrosis
the point where the ureter, the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder, meets the renal pelvis, the funnel-shaped cavity in the kidney that collects urine
Ureteropelvic junction
congenital condition where the kidney develops abnormally, forming multiple fluid-filled cysts that replace normal kidney tissue.
Multicystic dysplastic kidney
abnormal flaps of tissue in the urethra that block urine flow in male babies
Posterior urethral valves
types of primary urinary tract obstructions
- Posterior urethral valves
- Primary obstructive megaureter – uretero-vesical junction
- Uretero-pelvic junction obstruction
types of secondary urinary tract obstruction
- Urolithiasis (stones)
- Trauma
- Tumors
stones in the urinary tract
Urolithiasis
- Evaluation of the bladder after administration of contrast
- Catheter - Transurethral or suprapubic
- Needle puncture
Retrograde cystography
Contrast radiography of the bladder and urethra during spontaneous voiding
- The best modality to diagnose bladder outlet obstruction
Defines
- Anatomy of the bladder
- Anatomy of the bladder neck
- Anatomy of the urethra
Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)
An X-ray exam that uses a contrast dye to image the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
Radiography of the urethra while it is being distended by instillation of contrast through a catheter
Dynamic retrograde urethrography
Measurements are taken of pressures within both the
kidney and the bladder using a transducer
Antegrade pyelography
what UVC is used for:
- Central venous pressures
- Blood gases
- Fluid administration,
medications, antibiotics
what UAC is used for:
- A way to sample arterial blood
- Blood pressure monitoring
- Viral respiratory tract infection of the small airways
- Mostly in infants and young toddlers
- Leading cause of hospitalization for infants during winter months
- Most common pathogen is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
- Healthy infants usually make a full recovery
Bronchiolitis
- Lungs don’t produce
surfactant which reduces
surface tension of the fluid
lining the lungs resulting in
alveolar collapse and poor gas exchange - affects preterm infants
- symptoms: dyspnea, tachypnea, cyanosis
Surfactant deficiency syndrome
a life-threatening lung condition that causes fluid to accumulate in the lungs, impairing gas exchange and oxygen levels in the blood
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
a lung infection that develops in the fetus before birth
Congenital pneumonia
a type of lung infection caused by bacteria or viruses that are different from the common causes of pneumonia
atypical pneumonia
what views demonstrate a UAC?
AP & Lat chest/abdomen (x-table lat?)
- line seen on left side of spine
What views demonstrate a UVC?
AP & Lat chest/abdomen (x-table lat?)
- line seen on right side of spine
What views demonstrate pleural effusions or free air?
AP & Lateral decubitus
cannot dissovle in water
Non-water-soluble
can dissolve in water
Water-soluble
How do contrasts respond to membranes?
- measures osmoles of solute per liter of solution (Osm/L)
- is measure the number of osmoles in a volume (L) of solven
osmolarity
- measures osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent (Osm/kg)
- is measuring the number of osmoles in a weight (kg) of solvent.
osmolality
how are foreign bodies treated?
scout image is always needed
what is the most common foreign body?
a coin
what are possible complications associated with foreign bodies?
- Tracheoesophageal fistula
- Inflammation may cause mass effect
which may cause tracheal narrowing
what are the most common ages of child abuse?
0-5 years old
what is your responsibility when child abuse is suspected?
report to the radiologist or attending physician
