Exam 2 Flashcards
Why are vitamin defieciency disease no longer common in developed areas
Abundant food supply
fortification of food like iodized salt
most common vitamin deficiencies
Iron and Calcium
Health status of USA
most do not meet fruit or veg goals
cosumse 2x the recommended amt of sodium
39% adult pop obese
lack of breastfeeding
food insecurity
Where is dietary inadequacy most common
developing countries, impoverished areas
life-threatening sequela of dietary inadequacy
alterations in BP/ HR, hypoglycemia, depleted lean body mass, anemia, bone loss, psychological effects
Typical US eating patterns
Low veg, fruit, whole grain, dairy, seafood, oil
High refined grains, sat fats, sodium, meat/eggs
Comorbidity risk w/ obesity
Hypertension, DM type 2,, heart disease, arthritis, cancer
metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance
contributing factors to obesity
environment, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, genetics
healthy people 2030 nutrition
to reduce obesity in children/adults
address individual behaviors, and policies/environments that support these behaviors, in settings like school, worksites, healthcare organizations, communities
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
nutritional information for americans older than 2 y/o
Healthy eating across life span
focus on variety, nutrient density and amount
limit calories from sugars and fats and sodium
shift to healthier food and beverage choices
support health eating patterns
individually tailored
incorporate personal/cultural preferences
DRIs
Dietary reference intakes
focus on optimizing health and decreasing risk of chronic disease through nutrition
RDA
recommended daily allowance
AI
adequate intake
EAR
estimated average requirement
dietary supplements
vitamins, minerals, herbals, botanicals, amino acids, enzymes, probiotics, fish oils, powders, energy drinks, fiber
what vitamins have highest toxicity risk
fat soluble- ADEK
water soluble vitamins do not accumulate
When are dietary supplements recommended
when needs cant be met by diet food
Folic acid/iron during pregnancy
calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B for elderly
micronutrient overnutrition
can cause acute poisoning
large doses if vitamin A- teratogenic
high doses can suppress others: calcium suppress FE, K/E impact warfarin. FOlic acid can mask B12 deficiency
Nutrigenomics
nutritional genomics- studies the relationship between human genome, human nutrition and health
how genes and diet together may affect a persons health and risk of developing disease, such as cancer
2010 Food safety modernization act
FDA given new powers to police food safety
prevent food contamination
E.Coli
damages intenstines
hemolytic uremic syndrome hemorrhagic colitis
avoid undercooked meat, unpasteruized milk, unwashed foods
salmonellosis
abdominal cramping, severe n/v, diarrhea
avoid uncooked eggs, undercooked meat, unpasteurized milk
foodborne illness risk factors
food contamination
purchasing food from unsafe sources
failing to cook food adequately
holding food at incorrect temperature
poor hygiene
4 basic food safety principles
clean:wash hands, surfaces, discard of leftovers
separate: keep meats separate, wash fruits/vegetables
cook: proper temperature using food thermometer
chill: refrigerate within 2 hours
who is at highest risk for hunger/malnutrition
young children, incomes below 185% poverty threshold, black or hispanic families, households in central city areas
those with lowest socioeconomic status
supplemental nutrition assisstance program (SNAP)
food stamps- monthly allotment to help low-income families buy nutritious food
EBT cards used to buy food
any food, not just nutrient dense food
$126 per person
Child nutrition program
national school lunch program : school must promote health eating, less trans fats, increased fruits/veg, increased whole grain
national school breakfast program, special milk program, summer food service program
WIC program
Women, infants, and children
low-income pregnant/ postpartum women
lower infant mortality
food and nutrition for older adults
> 75 frail, alone, homebound, indigent
Meals on Wheels
FDPIR
food distribution program indian reservations
for income eligible households on native american reservations
nutrition screening
the process of assessing risk factors that are associated with dietary problems and malnutrition
identify individuals who are potentially at risk and intiate intervention
cardiovascular disease and nutrition
need balanced diet with emphasis on fruits, vegetable and grains
limit food that predispose wirk: high calorie, trans-fatty acids, alcohol
salt less than 6g/day
cholesterol less than 300mg/day
mediterranean diet
HTN nutrition
fruits, vegetable, and whole grains to reduce the risk for chronic diseases and improve their health
MNT and diet, exercise, stress managements, exercise, reducing risk factors
DASH diet
dietary approaches to stop hypertension
fruits, vegetable, low fat dairy products, reduced saturated and total fats
combines with sodium restriction of less than 2300 mg/day
Low salt
portion cont
fruits and vegetables
low fat proteing
whole grains
low fat/free dairy
grains: 6 servings
veg: 3-4
fruits: 4
dairy: 2-3
proteins: 4 oz or les
fat/oils: 2 servings
atherosclerosis
chronic inflammatory process in which damage to the arterial wall can lead to coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease
disruption of Vitamin D: synthesis promotes atherocclerosis and hypertension
angina pectoris
atherosclerosis risk factors
lifestyle factors, diet, sleep patterns, blood sugar levels, serum lipids, inactivity, overweight/obesity (especially abdominal obesity), smoking, alcohol, stress management
metabolic syndrome
cluster of condition that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes
HTN
Triglycerides above 150
HDL below 40
impaired fasting glucose
excess abdominal fat
diagnosed with syndrome if 3/5 risk factors
increases risk for CVD
linked to heavy alcohol consumption
metabolic syndrome treatment
weight loss, exercise, healthy diet and smoking cessation
nutrition and cancer prevention
high proportion of plant foods : 2-3rds of plate
5 or more servings fruits/vegetables
breads/ cereals/ grains (provid folate, calcium, selenium)
limited amounts of meat, dairy, high fat (1/3 plate)
3 oz protein, avoiding processed meat
fish, poultry, beans over red meat
limit alcohol, fried foods, limit salt, sugar
balance caloric intake/phycial activity
stress management
lifestyle patterns
Osteoporosis nutrition
for maximizing bone mineral density through good calcium intake in childhoos
Dairy ( milk, yogurt, cheese)
Green leafy vegetables (broccoli, kale, collard greens, dried figs, turnip/mustard greens
Fish
Nuts (almonds, brazil nuts)
avoid smoking
calcium/vitamin D supplementation
Osteoporosis can lower life expectancy
obesity nutrtion
Focus on nutritional counseling
Balanced diet, appropriate serving sizes
incorporte excersise
LEARN acronym to help with behavior change
avoid fad diets, gain/loss cycles
Healthy BMI
less than 25`
obese BMI
30 or more
T2 DM nutrition
insulin defects causing chronic hyperglycemia
using MNT (medical nutrition therapy)
Medical nutrition therapy
important component of DM care
Purpose: to delay/prevent complication
individualized meal plan
evaluate/ adjust through outcome measures
referral to dietician/registered diabetes educator
HIV/AIDS nutrition
minimize nutritional consequences of disease like severe weight loss
nutrient dense, protein rich, well-balanced
vitamin and mineral supplement
focus on food sanitation
consider nutrition need for comorbidities
avoid breastfeeding
essential nutrients
compounds that the body cant make or cant make in sufficiant quantitiy
required for normal body functioning that can not be synthesized by the body
Kilocalories
the amount of energy released from food
6 essential nutrients
carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water
carb kcal/g
4
protein kcal/g
4
fat kcal/g
9
Simple carbohydrates
found in fruit, milk, natural sweeteners like honey
complex carb
cereals, grains, veg
protein
provides energy, cell building block
amino acids
20, human body can produce 11 of them
essential amino acids
9 amino acids not produced by the body and must be supplied by food sources
where are amino acids found
animal sources- meats, milk, fish, eggs
plant sources- soy, beans, legumes, nut butters, some grains
lipid purpose
provide density in the form of energy and other function in the body
categories of lipids
triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols
what type of fats are good to cosumes
unsaturated fatsco
complementary and integrative medicine
an array of health care approaches with a histiry of use or origins outside of mainstream medicine
complementary therapies
used in addition to convential tratments
aka integrative therapies
alternative therapies
therapies that replace allopathic medical care
integrative therapy
a total approach to medical care that combines standard medical and surgical intervention with the CAM practices that have been shown to be safe an effective. They treat the individuals mind, body, and spirit
emphasis on safety and effectivenessho
holistic practice
encompasses emotional, spiritual, and relational well-being to combine with the physical body
together define a whole person
health more than absence of disease
goals: support a persons nautral healing systems, consider the whole person and environment
holistic nursing
patient centered practice that focuses on the interconnectedness of the mind, body, and spirit in the healing process
aims to improve health, reduce suffering, and prevent illness by considering a patients physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs, as well as their environment, cultural background, and personal values
AHNA
American holistic nurses association
defines holistic nursing an nursins practice that health the whole person
holistic nursing as a specialty practice that draws on nursing knowledge, theories, expertise, and intuition to guide nurses in becoming therapeutic partner with people in their care
holism
requires the person to accept responsibility for his/her own well being- physical/mental/emotional/spiritual health
holistic care
encompasses 5 dimensions of health- spiritual, physical, emotional, mental, and social of relational well-being
combined with the physical body and together define a whole person
allopathic care
focuses on identifying and treating disease
western medicine, focus on medicine, radiation, surgery
ayurvedic medicine
india
based on the beleif that health/wellness depend on a delicate interconnection between the mind, body, spirit
Dorshas-vata, kapa, Pitta
herbs, massage, diet, drugs
goal is mind-body harmony
traditional chinease medicine
acupuncture
balance yin and yang life forces
describe organs via fire, earth, metal, H2O, wood
heavy emphasis on herbal remedies
possibility for drug interactions
naturopathy
combo of traditional 19th centruy european modalities based in healing power of nature
based on theory that diseases can be successfully treated or prevented without the use of drugs, by techniques such as control of diet
no Rx, injections, x-ray, surgery
healthy lifestyle, cleansing regimens, diets, manipulation, exercise
homeopathy
1807- samual hahnemann
medical system based on the beleif that the body can cure itself
use tiny amounts of natural substances to stimulat healing process
administers small amounts of dilute pathogenic substances to stimulate body’s healing abilities
herbal medicines
not approved for use as drugs and are not regulated by the FDA
historic roots
chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism
based on use of plants or plant extracts that are taken internally or applied to the skin
current modalities of natural products
nutritional counseling
herbs, vitamins, minerals
cannabis nursing
probiotics
aromatherapy
hydrotherapy
biologically based therapies
type of treatments that uses substances made from living organisms to treat disease
can help the immune system fight cancer
what is the most common dietary supplement used by adults
fish oil/ omega 3s
aromatherapy
plant materials and essential oils
pharmacological, physiological, psychological effects
cranial and cranio-sacral therapy
form of bodywork/ alternative therapy that used gentle touch to palpate the synarthrodial joints of the cranium
focus on skull and flow of CSF
gentle pressure on cranium, spine, sacrum
goal to restore free movement of CSF
spinal or bone manipulation
to relieve pressure on joints, reduce inflammation, and improve nerve function
application of controlled force on bone or joint
performed by chiropractors, PT osteopathic physicians
on spinal alignment
chiropractic therapy
normalize relationship between structure and function by a series of manipulations
to treat vertebral subluxation, low back pain, osteoarthritis joint pain, pediatric asthma, headaches, dysmenorrhea, vertigo, tinnitus, visual disorders
contraindicated with bone/ joint infections, acute myelopathy, fractures, dislocations, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoporosis
risk for injury
physical therapy
variety of modalities
manipulation, massage, heat/cold, movement, electrical impulse, treat pain and restore function/ ROM
massage
various techniques
maniputlation of muscle and soft tissue
reduce stress, enhance relaxation
reflexology
manipulation and energy fields
pressure to hands and feet
pressure point correspond to body organs
Guided imagery
directs the imagination
focuses on calming thought or expirences, promotes sense of well-being, relaxation
randomized controlled study sows improved quality of life and some impact on lab values
meditation
focused attention, mindfulness
quiets the mind, reduces stress
parts of some religions but not a religious activity
breathing, word, walking
Relaxation therapy
produces relaxation response
lowers blood pressure, decrease tension, reduces symptom distess
may cause increased sensitivyt in detecting muscle tension
progressive rleaxation requires energy expenditure, which may tire some patients
progressive relaxation
passive relaxation
hypnotherapy
liscensed hypnotherapist
focused attention of unconscious mind
recall of suppressed events and behavior change
commonly used for tobacco cessation
biofeedback
mind-body technique that uses instruments to teach self-regulation and voluntary self-control over specific physiological responses
focus on vital function
visualization to bring about change
neuro linguistic programmins
analyzing strategies used by successful individuals and applying them to reach a personal goal
relates thoughts, language, and patterns of behavior learned through experience to specific outcomes
changes behavior via a change in thinking/ speaking
tries to detect and modify unconscious biases or limitations of an individual’s map of the world
not hypnotherapy. Instead operated through the conscious use of language to bring about changes in someone’s thoughts and behavior
qigong
one of the oldest traditional chinease health care methods
believed to have special healing and recovery power
relaxed movement with meditation
controlled breathing to move qi energy and increase vital energy
tai chi
to cultivate the qi or life enrgu within us to flow smoothly and powerfully throughout the body
combined physical movement, breath control, meditation
sequence of poses flows in unbroken rhythm to balance energy flow
bris awareness moment-to-moment state of body
produces meditative state
yoga
hindu
origins as spirutal practice
hatha yoga most familiar in western culture
involves positions and breath control
position relaxing or may require strength
documented health benefits- improves flexibility, prmotes relaxation, decreased stress, improved pain management
Dance therapy
mind, body, sprit move in response to musci
holistic approach to healing, based on empirically supported assertion that mind, body and spirit are inseperable and interconnected
