Exam 2 Flashcards
maternal, infant, and child health
the health of women of childbearing age and that of the child up to adolescence
family planning
determining the preferred number and spacing of children and choosing the appropriate means to accomplish it
Title X
portion of the Public Health Service Act of 1970 that provides funds for family planning services for low-income people
gag rule
regulations that barred physicians and nurses in clinics receiving federal funds from counseling clients about abortions
Roe v Wade
1973 Supreme Court decision that made it unconstitutional for state laws to prohibit abortions in the first trimester for any reason and placed restrictions on the conditions under which states could regulate them in the second and third trimesters
Preconception health care
medical care provided to men and women to promote health prior to conception
Prenatal health care
medical care provided to a pregnant woman from the time of conception until the birth process occurs
low birth weight infant
newborn that weighs less than 2,500 grams, or 5.5 pounds, at birth
fetal alcohol syndrome
a condition in babies born
to mothers who have consumed heavy amounts of alcohol during pregnancies; affected babies may experience abnormal facial
features, growth problems, central nervous system problems, and have
problems with learning, memory, attention span, communication, vision, or hearing
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
sudden unanticipated death of an infant in whom, after examination, there is no recognized cause of death
categorical programs
programs available only to people who can be categorized into a group based on specific variables
Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
a special supplemental food program for women, infants, and children, sponsored by the USDA
Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)
federal law that provides up to a 12-week unpaid leave to men and women after the birth of a child, an adoption, or an event of illness in the immediate family
adolescents and young adults
ages 10-24
adolescence generally regarded as puberty to maturity
period of transition from childhood to adulthood
adults
age 25-64
from 10-64, most productive era of life and many have the best health of their lives
represent more than half of U.S.
demography of adolescents
number of adolescents and young adults represented over 20% of the U.S. population in 2010
in 2016, 53% of adolescents were white
in 2019, 25% lived in single parent households
mortality rates for adolescents
significant decline in mortality recently because of advances in medicine and injury prevention
most threats come from behavior rather than disease, higher for males
unintentional injuries (47.2%), suicide (17.5%), and homicide (15.8%)
morbidity of adolescents
communicable diseases- vaccines are important, STDs run rampant and acquires almost half of all new STDs in U.S.
health behaviors of high school students
unintentional injuries, violence, tobacco use, alcohol/drugs, sexual behaviors, physical activity and sedentary behaviors, weight control
very similar list for college students
protective factors
individual or environmental
characteristics, conditions, or behaviors that
reduce the effects of stressful life events,
increase the ability to avoid risks or hazards,
and promote social and emotional
competence
epidemiology of intentional injuries
rates of homicide, assault, and rape- Black males are much more at risk for homicide, women for assault and rape
suicide- 30,000 suicides reported each year, men are 3.5x more likely, rates among young have tripled since 1950
firearm- 2nd leading cause of injury/death, 60% of homicide and 55% of suicides involve firearm, males 15-34 highest risk
drinking and driving
50% of crashes alcohol related
90% of teen crashes are alcohol related
adult mortality
mainly from chronic noncommunicable diseases
many chronic diseases associated with unhealthy behaviors and poor lifestyle choices
lifestyle improvements and public health
cancer
number one cause of death for adults 45-64
males- prostate, lung, colorectal
females- breast, lung, colorectal
cardiovascular diseases
mortality rates have dropped over past 60 years
connected to increased public health efforts related to smoking cessation, inc physical activity, and nutrition
community health strategies
Role of individual behavior, social factors,
environmental factors, and previous
influences on their health across lifespan
Prevention strategies
primary- exercise and nutrition
secondary- clinical screenings
tertiary- medication compliance
how old is old
old at 65
65-74 is young old
75-84 is middle old
85+ is old old
aged
state of being old
aging
changes that occur as living things grow older
elderly vs seniors
elderly- people over 60
seniors- preferred term for people over 65
demography of aging
senior proportion of population has increase throughout this century
1/5 Americans will be 65+ in 2030
fertility rate, mortality rate, and migration impact population size and age
the ratio of people working to support people over 65 is declining each decade (dependency ratio is increasing)
fertility rate correlations
correlates negatively with education, contraceptive prevalence, GDP per capita
correlates positively with religiosity
consequences of an aging populations
impoverished nations continue to grow exponentially
society has adapted to keep older people in mind
increasing dependency ratios
adapting to the future
sustain per capita economic growth despite declines
skills/training programs catered to underrepresented groups
education investment
institutional and policy reforms
dependency ratio
population less than 15 and 65+ divided by the population 15-64, multiple by 100 to get %
Ex: In 2000, there are 51 dependents for every 100 people of working age (51%)
Is 61% in 2025 and 67% in 2050
can also be shown included only the young/only the old
income sources for seniors
49% social security
24% earnings
16% pensions
6% assets
5% other
health needs of seniors
4/5 live with a chronic condition
arthritis, hypertension, hearing impairment, heart disease, cataracts, orthopedic impairments, chronic sinusitis, diabetes, visual impairments, varicose veins
leading causes of elder mortality
heart disease, cancer, chronic lower respiratory disease, stroke, Alzheimers
compression of morbidity
as average life span increases, quality of life needs to increase as well
not great if avg age increases but quality of life decreases
parts of medicare
intensity
cardiovascular workload measured by heart rate
hypertension stage 1
a systolic pressure equal to or greater than 130 mm Hg and/or diastolic pressure greater than or equal to 80 mm Hg for extended periods of time
labor-force ratio
a ratio of the total number of those individuals who are not working to the number of those who are
continuing care retirement communities
planed communities for older adults that guarantee a lifelong residence and health care
Older Americans Act of 1965 (OAA)
federal legislation to improve the lives of older adults
created nutrition programs, special agencies, caregiver programs, and increased services to ensure rights
minority health
refers to the morbidity and mortality of American natives, Americans of Hispanic, AAPI, or Black descent in the US
health disparities
differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and burden of diseases and other adverse health conditions that exist among specific population groups
diversity
an appreciation and respect for differences and similarities in the workplace including varied perspectives, approaches, and competencies of coworkers and populations served
ethnocentrism
when an individual believes the customs and practices of one’s own culture are superior to those of others
Acculturated
cultural modification of an individual or group by adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture
intersectionality
a description of how race, class, gender, and other individual characteristics “intersect” with one another and overlap
cultural and linguistic competence
a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals, that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations
- intracultural communication
- intercultural communication
- cross-cultural communication
- comm. with members of the same culture or subculture
- comm. with members of a different culture or subculture
- comm. with members across cultures from different nations
race and health initiative
goal is to eliminate disparities among racial and ethnic minority populations in these areas: infant mortality, cancer screening and management, cardiovascular disease/stroke, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, immunization
minority health stats
in 2016, 61.3% of Americans identified as white, non-Hispanic
by 2060, estimated that over 1/2 of the US population will be composed of racial minorities
race
categorization of parts of a population based on physical appearance due to particular historical social and political forces
ethnicity
subcultural group with these main six features
A common proper name to express the essence of the community
A myth of common ancestry that include the idea of common origin
Shared historical memories, i.e., heroes, events.
One or more elements of common culture, i.e., religion, customs, language
A link with a homeland
A sense of solidarity
challenges to collection of race and ethnicity data
unreliability of self-reported data
classifications are social constructs that change over time and vary across societies and cultures
biased analysis
Indian Health Services
responsible for federal health services to Native Americans and Alaska Natives
mental health
emotional and social well-being, including one’s psychological resources for dealing with day-to-day problems of life
mental disorders
health conditions characterized by alterations in thinking, mood, and/or behavior associated with distress and/or impaired functioning
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
the complex physiological responses resulting from exposure to stressors
diseases of adaptation
diseases that result from chronic exposure to excess levels of stressors, which produce a general adaptation syndrome response
moral treatment
a nineteenth century treatment in which people with mental illness were removed from their everyday life stressors and given “asylum in a rural setting, including rest, exercise, fresh air, and amusements
Mental Retardation and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act
a law that made the federal government responsible for assisting in the funding of mental health facilities and services
Crisis Intervention Team
specially trained police in direct collaboration with mental health authorities to remove barriers to mental health care for people with mental illness involved in the justice system
Assisted outpatient treatment
laws mandating involuntary psychiatric treatment for individuals who do not understand their illness, to protect the individual from harm and safeguard the public
legal leverage
when service providers control disability income or other benefits received by a person with mental illness to enforce participation in treatment in return for suspending a criminal sentence imposed by the court of law
Assertive community treatment (ACT)
service that uses active outreach by a team of providers over an indefinite period of time to deliver intensive, individualized services
Individual placement and support (IPS)
an evidence-based model of employment services emphasizing real work opportunities, integrated mental health services, and individualized job supports
21st Century Cures Act
legislation that funds comprehensive programs for addressing challenges to recovery, including criminalization of mental illness, gaps in community-based services, and inadequate numbers of service providers
physical dependence
a physiological state in which discontinued drug use results in clinical illness
drug
a substance other than food that when taken in small quantities alters one’s physical, mental, or emotional state
drug (chemical) dependence
a psychological and sometimes physical state characterized by a craving for a drug
psychological dependence
a psychological state characterized by an overwhelming desire to continue use of a drug
Synar Amendment
federal law that requires states to set the minimum legal age for purchasing tobacco products at 18 years and requires states to enforce this law
Amotivational syndrome
a pattern of behavior characterized by apathy, loss of effectiveness, and a more passive, introverted personality
designer drugs
drugs synthesized illegally that are similar to , but structurally different from, known controlled substances
