Exam 1 Flashcards
Dr. John Snow
father of epidemiology
1848 research on cholera epidemic, traced an outbreak of cholera to the water of a well drawn pump on Broad St.
proved causation of disease
Lemuel Shattuck
1850 health report for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts outlined public health needs
Louis Pasteur
1862- Germ Theory of Disease
conducted experiments and observations that supported this theory and disproved spontaneous generation
allowed for later research on specific microbes of specific diseases
1850-1875: Miasmatic Phase
modern era of public health and infrastructure
cholera, dispelling myths
germ theory
1900-1960: Health resources/medicine phase
reform phase- urbanization, industrialization
medical training
great depression and WW2
Hill burten Act????
1960-1973: Social engineering phase
medicare/medicaid
1974-now is the health promotion phase
ten great public health achievements (1900-1999)
healthier mothers and babies
family planning
fluoridation of drinking water
recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard
safer workplaces
control of infectious diseases
decline in deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke
safer and healthier foods
vaccination
motor-vehicle safety
the tobacco industry
$27.2 billion dollars per year goes to the states from the 1998 tobacco settlement
future health challenges
institute a rational health care system
eliminate health disparities
focus on children’s emotional and intellectual dev
achieve longer lifespan
integrate physical activity and healthy eating into daily lives
clean up and protect env
prepare to respond to emerging infectious diseases
recognize and address mental health issues
reduce toll of violence in society
use new scientific knowledge wisely
specific concerns for the future
depression/ mental health
alcoholism
biological terrorism threat
antibiotic resistance
healthy people 2030
improve health literacy
eliminate health disparities
address social determinants of health
5th set of health goals and objectives for the US that defines the nation’s health agenda
Thomas
McKeown
proposed the idea that the bettering of people as a whole was because of better social and economic growth and enhanced nutrition, not because of public health efforts
placed emphasis on behavior and the environment instead of actually medical interventions or routine check-ups
classification of diseases/health problems
organ or organ system
causative agents
communicable vs noncommunicable
acute vs chronic
causative agents
biological- viruses, bacteria
chemical- pesticides, air pollutants
physical- heat, light, radiation
agent
originally referred to as an infectious microorganism
host
intrinsic factors that influence an individual’s exposure
environment is extrinsic factor
chain of infection
a model to conceptualize the transmission of a communicable disease from its source to a susceptible host
pathogen -> reservoir -> portal of exit -> transmission -> portal of entry -> new host
reservoir
habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives and grows
modes of transmission
direct: contact, droplet spread
indirect: airborne, vehicleborne/fomites (hepatitis), vertorborne/bugs (west nile virus)
health
a dynamic state or condition of the human organism that
is multidimensional in nature, a
resource for living, and results from a
person’s interactions with and adaptations to his or her environment;
therefore, it can exist in varying
degrees and \s specific to each individual and his or her situation
community
a collective body
of individuals identified by common
characteristics such as geography,
interests, experiences, concerns, or values
public health
actions that society takes collectively to ensure that
the conditions in which people can
be healthy
community health
the health
Status of a defined group of people
and the actions and conditions to
promote, protect, and preserve their
health
population health
“the health
outcomes of a group of individuals,
including the distribution of such
outcomes within the group.’’®
built environment
“the design, construction, management,
and land use of human-made surroundings as an interrelated whole,
as well as their relationship to human
activities over time.”
spiritual era of public health
a time during the Middle Ages when the causation of communicable disease was linked to spiritual forces
Modern era of public health
the era of public health that began in 1850 and continues today
reform phase of public health
the years of 1900-20 characterized by social movements to improve health conditions in cities and in the workforce
public health preparedness
the capability of the public health and healthcare systems, community, and individuals to prevent, protect against, quickly respond to, and recover from health emergencies, particularly those in which scale, timing, or unpredictability threatens to overwhelm routine capabilities
epidemiology
the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems
epidemic vs endemic disease
epidemic- unexpectedly large number of cases of an illness, health-related behavior, or other health-related event
endemic- disease that occurs at an expected level in a population or in a certain location
natality vs morbidity vs mortality rate
natality- births/total population
morbidity- people who are sick/total population at risk
mortality- deaths/total population
incidence rate
number of NEW health-related events or cases of a disease divided by the total number in the population at risk
attack rate
(number of people ill / number of people ill and well) x 100 in a specific time period
notifiable diseases
diseases for which health officials request nonidentifiable reporting for public health reasons
tracked by the integrated surveillance information systems (NNDS and NEDSS)
years of potential life lost
number of years lost when death occurs before the age of 65 or 75
disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)
a measure for the burden of disease that takes into account premature death and loss of healthy life resulting from disability
health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE)
the number of years of healthy life expected, on average, in a given population
vital statistics
statistical summaries of records of major life events such as births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and infant deaths
descriptive studies
epidemiological studies that describe a disease with respect to a person, time, and place
infectivity vs pathogenicity
infectivity- the ability of a biological agent to enter and grow in the host
pathogenicity- the capability of a communicable disease agent to cause disease in a susceptible host
zoonosis vs anthroponosis
zoo- a communicable disease transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to humans
anthro- a disease that infects only humans
examples of common noncommunicable diseases
coronary heart disease
cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
malignant neoplasm
metastasis
primary vs secondary prevention
primary- preventative measures that forestall the onset of illness or injury during the prepathogenesis
secondary- preventative measures that lead to an early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a disease or injury to limit disability and prevent more severe pathogenesis
active vs passive immunity
active- occurs when exposure to a disease-causing organism prompts the immune system to develop antibodies against that disease
passive- occurs when people receive antibodies against a disease rather than their own immune system producing them
unmodifiable vs modifiable risk factors
unmodifiable- factors contributing to the development of a noncommunicable disease that cannot be altered by modifying behavior or env
modifiable- factors contributing to a noncommunicable disease that can be altered by modifying one’s behavior or env
noncommunicable disease model
genetic endowment
personality, beliefs, behavioral choices
economics, environment, health care system, water quality, air pollution
tertiary prevention
to retain, reeducate, and rehabilitate the patient who has already incurred disability
prevalence rate
number of people suffering from a certain health condition over a specified period
Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC)
model that focuses on addressing the educational and health needs of children within the context of the school setting
school health policies
written statements that describe the nature and procedures of a school health program
school health coordinator
a trained professional at the state, district, or school level who is responsible for managing, coordinating, planning, implementing, and evaluating school health policies, programs, and resources
school health education
the development, delivery, and evaluation of a planned curriculum, from kindergarten to 12th grade
curriculum scope vs sequence
scope- part of the curriculum that outlines what will be taught
sequence- part of the curriculum that states the order in which the content will be taught
ACEs
adverse childhood experiences
more ACEs were positively associated with more health risk factors and behaviors
8 component model of school health programs (CDC)
health education, physical education, health services, nutrition services, health promotion for staff, counseling/psych services, healthy school env, parent/community involvement
