Exam 2 Flashcards
What are the three steps to conceptualizing a variable?
- Define the concept
- Think of different dimensions of the concept
- Think of indicators of each dimension
Can you conceptualize a variable such as height?
No, conceptualization is just for abstract variables like generosity, marital happiness, “race” in census date, “age” in Chinese society
A(n) _____ is an observation that reflects a variable, such as “have you ever been slapped by a parent?”
An indicator is an observation that reflects the variable, it is the third step in conceptualizing a variable
A(n) ______ is a specifiable aspect of a concept.
A dimension is a specifiable aspect of a concept. Step two in conceptualizing. For example, Two dimensions of “child abuse” would be physical abuse and psychological abuse.
What is operationalization?
Operationalization is the process of developing specific research procedures in order to make empirical observations of a concept.
List the four levels of measurement
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
What are nominal measures?
Nominal measures measure variables that only have categories, such as sex, race, religion, college major, hair color, city, birthplace.
What is the level of measurement if the topic is college major?
Nominal Measures
What are ordinal measures?
Ordinal measures measure variables with attributes we can logically rank order, such as satisfaction, religiosity, social class, conservatism
What is the level of measurement if the topic is generosity?
Ordinal Measures
What are interval measures?
Interval measures are used when the distance between attributes means something. We can calculate how much different. Numbers are used. Examples are temperature, height, weight.
What is the level of measurement if you are studying weight?
Interval Measures
What are ratio measures?
Ratio measures are used when the attributes of a variable are based on a True Zero point, when zero means zero. Examples would be number of times married, number of siblings, number of asian friends
If you are wanting to know how many times a person has been divorced, what level of measurement would you use?
Ratio Measures
True or false: with data, we can always change from a Higher level variable (Ratio) to a Lower level (Nominal)
True
What is the highest level of measurement?
Ratio
What is the lowest level of measurement?
Nominal
Rank the levels of measurement from highest to lowest.
Ratio
Interval
Ordinal
Nominal
Rank the levels of measurement from lowest to highest.
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
What measure would you use to measure “sex” (gender)?
Nominal measures
What measure would you use to measure race?
Nominal measures
What are the three criteria of measurement quality?
- Precision
- Reliability
- Validity
What are the two most important criteria in measurement quality?
Reliability and Validity
If an experimenter repeats an experiment 3 times and gets conflicting results each time, their measurements are not what?
Reliable, to create reliable measures, a researcher can test-retest, split-half, or use already established measures
Which is the most precise? Which is the least precise when asking about the phenomena of underage drinking?
A. What is your age? ____ (most precise)
B. Are you underage [Yes] [No] (least precise)
C. What is your age group? [10-19], [20-29] etc.
B would be the most precise
Which is the most precise? Which is the least precise when asking about the phenomena of drinking in 5 different age groups?
A. What is your age? ____ (most precise)
B. Are you underage [Yes] [No] (least precise)
C. What is your age group? [10-19], [20-29] etc.
C would be the most precise
How can a researcher create reliable measures?
Using:
- Test-Retest
- Split-Half
- Established Measures
Explain the Test-Retest method
Repeat the measures several time to see if we get the same results each time, you must use different random samples each time