Exam 2 Flashcards by Brooke Larson

Where does the embryo implant?

Endometrial lining (uterus)

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What happens during ovulation?

-LH causes the release of the egg from the follicle
-Increased vaginal mucus or spotting
-Egg enters the fallopian tube for 12-24 hours

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Where does conception happen?

In the fallopian tube
The embryo implants in the endometrial lining

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Understand what is meant by the fertile window

Day of ovulation and the 5 days before ovulation

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Identify when conception is most likely to occur

During the fertile window, if the sperm is waiting for the ovulation of the egg in the fallopian tube

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Estrogen

ovary and corpus luteum

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Progesterone

ovary and corpus luteum

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pituitary gland

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FSH

pituitary gland

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General principles around pregnancy intendedness (3)

Pregnancy Intendedness: the idea that a couple is hoping to become pregnant soon
Some pregnancies are unplanned but that doesn’t mean they are unwanted
More than 1 in 3 mothers did not intend to become pregnant when they did

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Definition of preconception planning

The steps a woman takes before she becomes pregnant in ensuring good health during pregnancy. For example, ensuring adequate nutrition and taking prenatal vitamins

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Considerations when choosing a birth control method (7)

How it works,
advantages, disadvantages, effectiveness,
STI protection,
personal values,
and reproductive plans

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General Types of Birth Control

Behavioral
Hormonal
Barrier
Surgical

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Behavioral

PRO: no side effects
Used by anyone
cost - effective
CON: limited effectiveness
Need to abstain from sexual intercourse certain days/month
No protection from STI
Time commitment (charting, tracking, learning)

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Hormonal

PRO: Relieve period symptoms like acne, PMS, cramping
Stop or decrease bleeding
Decrease risk of ovarian cancer and osteoporosis
CON
Side effect such as headache, nausea, water retention, sore breast
Spotting between periods
Small risk of blood clot or elevated blood pressure
Doesn’t protect against STI

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Barrier

PRO: Condoms offer protection from STI
Can be used as backup
Short or long term
CON:
Small risk of bacterial infection or toxic shock syndrome for diaphragm, sponge, cervical cap
Must be used properly
May have higher long term cost

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Surgical

PRO: effective at preventing pregnancy
Permanent
Some procedures don’t require anything from female
CON: May not be reversible
Permanent
More expensive
Some procedures require more recovery
Does not protect against STI

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Identify physical evidences of pregnancy

Spotting or very light menstrual period
Tender breasts
Feeling tired
Upset stomach
Bloating
Frequent urination

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Calculate a due date

First day of last known period
Count back 3 months
Add 7 days

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Methods to confirm a pregnancy

Urine pregnancy test
Blood pregnancy test
ultrasound

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General pregnancy facts (duration, trimesters, etc.)

Pregnancy duration: 38 weeks from conception, 40 weeks from first day of last period
First time moms who were not induced: average pregnancy was 41 weeks, 3 days

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Trimesters

First Trimester: 0-12 weeks
Second Trimester: 13-27 weeks
Third Trimester: 28-40+ weeks

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Placenta

supplies fetus with oxygen and nutrients from mother’s bloodstream

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Amnion

fetal sac that envelops the embryo

Umbilical cord

connects the developing embryo to the placenta

Pica

abnormal food cravings

Tests from 10-20 weeks

chorionic villus sampling, amniocentesis, material serum test

Test from 36-37 weeks

group strep B test

Essential nutrients during pregnancy

Iron Folic Acid B6 B12

Blood volume & composition

Increased in plasma volume Everything else is diluted Increase in clotting factors

Stomach/GI tract

Increased nausea and vomiting Stomach moves upward Increased gastric pressure + decreased esophageal sphincter tone (heartburn)

Breast changes

Increase in tenderness Increase in size/weight

Cardiac changes

Increased cardiac output Increased heart rate Decreased vascular resistance

Glucose/Lipid metabolism

Increased insulin resistance + decreased insulin sensitivity = gestational diabetes Increase in cholesterol and triglycerides

Uterine changes

Enlargement Fundus increases in length

Kidney changes

Increased blood flow to kidneys Increased kidney size Increase filtration rate

Endocrine (hormonal) changes

Increased thyroid hormones Increased cortisol in the 3rd trimester

Respiratory function changes

Increased oxygen demand Increased feelings of breathlessness

Calcium metabolism changes

Increased calcium absorption Increased risk for kidney stones

Bonus changes (7)

Increased progesterone (early in pregnancy) Increased estrogen (late in pregnancy) Increased protein metabolism Increased prolactin Increased oxytocin Increased water retention from the kidneys (swelling) Increased frequency of urination

Vaccines during pregnancy

T-DAP influenza

Characteristics of pregnancy induced hypertension

Swelling due to water retention Protein in urine Sudden weight gain Headaches Temporary kidney failure Possible death

4 stages of birth

Dilation Birth Placenta Recovery and Family Bonding

Dilation

1st phase: early labor 2nd phase: active labor 3rd phase: transition

Birth

1st phase: resting 2nd phase: descent 3rd phase: crowning

Identify 3 distinct signs of labor

Uterine contractions < 5 minutes apart Passage of the mucus plug Release of membranes (water breaking)

Identify general facts about birthing

About 5% of women give birth on their due dates Early preparation and knowledge will help the mother have the birth experience she hopes for Each birth and pregnancy is different, even for the same mother on multiple children

Identify the 6 healthy birth practices outlined in the article, “Safe, Healthy Birth: What Every Pregnant Woman Needs to Know”

Bring a loved one, friend, or doula for continuous support Let labor begin on its own Walk, move around, and change positions throughout labor Avoid interventions that are not medically necessary Keep mother and baby together, it’s best for breastfeeding Avoid giving birth on the back, follow urges to push

General reasons for cesarean birth

Genital herpes Multiple babies Breech or other difficult positioning

Lamaze Method

natural childbirth coping techniques, including comfort measures, relaxation, and breathing

Bradley Method

Communication between her husband/partner/birthing coach meeting the needs of the laboring woman

Hypno-birthing Method

a mixture of visualization, relaxation and deep breathing techniques to produce pain management

Percentage of mothers who experience a perinatal mental health disorder

20-25%

Define perinatal period

The time during pregnancy and up to one year postpartum

Understand who is at risk of and impacted by mood disorders before or after their child is born

Mothers Fathers Grandfathers

Pelvic floor disorders

a group of conditions that affect the pelvic floor due to weakened pelvic muscles or tears in the connective tissue

Pelvic floor prolapse

the dropping of the pelvic organs caused by the loss of normal support of the vagina

What to expect after delivery

General soreness and perineal pain Vaginal discharge Tender breasts Weight loss Contracts Hemorrhoids Hair loss and skin changes