Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 101 > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle, and what is the function of each stage?

A

G1 (cell growth), S (DNA replication), G2 (preparation for mitosis), and M phase (mitosis).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does DNA replication occur?

A

DNA replication is semi-conservative
meaning each new DNA molecule has one old strand and one new strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is base pairing?

A

Base pairing involves A-T and G-C pairing to create a complementary strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define chromosome.

A

A chromosome is a DNA molecule with genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define gene.

A

A DNA sequence coding for a trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define allele.

A

An allele is a gene variant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define DNA

A

a molecule that contains the genetic code that is unique to every individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define genome.

A

The genome is all genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define sister chromatids.

A

sister chromatids are duplicated chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define homologous pairs.

A

homologous pairs are chromosome pairs from each parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes?

A

Autosomes are non-sex chromosomes (22 pairs in humans), while sex chromosomes determine gender (XX or XY)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is mitosis, and which cells undergo it?

A

Mitosis is cell division that produces identical daughter cells, occurring in somatic (body) cells for growth and repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name three ways mutations are introduced into DNA.

A
  1. DNA replication errors
  2. Environmental factors (e.g., UV radiation),
  3. Chemicals (mutagens).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are three types of mutations?

A
  1. Substitution (base change)
  2. Insertion (extra base added)
  3. Deletion (base removed)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are potential consequences of a mutation?

A
  1. nonfunctional proteins
  2. genetic disorders
  3. beneficial changes, affecting cell functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do cell cycle checkpoints prevent most cells from becoming cancerous?

A

Checkpoints verify DNA integrity
verify proper cell function. Damaged cells are stopped from dividing, preventing mutations from passing on.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why do tumor cells display unique characteristics?

A

Tumor cells bypass checkpoints
divide uncontrollably
can obtain mutations that enable rapid growth and spread

18
Q

What role does meiosis play in the human life cycle?

A

Meiosis produces gametes (sperm and eggs)
splits chromosome number for sexual reproduction and genetic diversity

19
Q

What is the structure and role of homologous chromosomes in meiosis?

A

Homologous chromosomes pair up during meiosis, each containing different alleles. They allow for genetic variation through crossing over

20
Q

How does crossing over occur, and why is it important?

A

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, increasing genetic diversity

21
Q

Describe random assortment in meiosis and its result

A

Random assortment is the independent separation of chromosomes, leading to varied genetic combinations in gametes

22
Q

What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis creates identical cells, while meiosis creates genetically unique gametes.
Meiosis includes two divisions, reducing chromosome number

23
Q

Describe complete dominance with examples.

A

Complete dominance shows one trait (e.g., brown eyes)

24
Q

Define incomplete dominance with examples

A

incomplete dominance blends traits (e.g., pink flowers from red and white parents).

25
Q

What is a carrier in autosomal recessive diseases?

A

A carrier has one copy of a recessive allele but does not show symptoms. Example: a carrier for cystic fibrosis (CF)

26
Q

How can Punnett squares predict genotypes in sex-linked conditions?

A

Punnett squares show the likelihood of offspring inheriting X-linked traits, using XX/XY to represent female/male chromosomes

27
Q

How long does the cell cycle take to complete?

A

Approximately 21-27 hours
G1 phase (8-10 hours)
S phase (6-8 hours)
G2 phase (6-8 hours)
mitosis (1 hour)

28
Q

What are the stages of interphase, and what happens in each?

A

G1 (growth), S (DNA replication), and G2 (preparation for mitosis). G0 is a resting phase

29
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down.

30
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell on the metaphase plate

31
Q

What is anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite sides of the cell

32
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Nuclear membranes reform around each chromosome set, and chromosomes begin to decondense

33
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The cell membrane pinches in, dividing the cytoplasm to form two identical cells, each with a complete set of chromosomes

34
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Identical copies of a chromosome joined at the centromere, formed during S phase

35
Q

How are homologous chromosomes different from sister chromatids?

A

Homologous chromosomes are similar but non-identical pairs, one from each parent, carrying the same types of genes

36
Q

What role do centrosomes play in mitosis?

A

They organize spindle fibers that pull chromosomes to opposite cell poles

37
Q

Describe the chromosome structure in prophase.

A

Chromosomes condense into X-shaped structures, each made up of two sister chromatids

38
Q

When does DNA replication occur, and what is its result?

A

DNA replication occurs during S phase, resulting in each chromosome having two identical sister chromatids

39
Q

How does the cell ensure each new cell gets identical DNA?

A

Sister chromatids separate during anaphase, each new cell receiving a complete set of chromosomes

40
Q

How do chromosomes align during metaphase?

A

They can line up in any order on the metaphase plate

41
Q

Does having more chromosome pairs change the process of mitosis?

A

No, only more spindle fibers are required, but the phases of mitosis remain the same

BIO 101 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions