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BIO 101 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

Energy and Cell function

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1
Q

What are the similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Both have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of life?

A

Growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, metabolism, homeostasis

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3
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotes have both

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4
Q

Give an example of an internal structure in eukaryotic cells

A

Nucleus, mitochondria.

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5
Q

Give an example of an external structure in prokaryotic cells

A

Flagella

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6
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

A

Energy production (ATP synthesis)

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7
Q

What structure performs a similar role to the nucleus in prokaryotic cells?

A

Nucleoid

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8
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

A bond where electrons are shared unequally due to differing electronegativities

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9
Q

What’s the difference between polar and nonpolar molecules?

A

Polar molecules have uneven charge distribution; nonpolar molecules have even distribution

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10
Q

Why is polarity important?

A

It affects solubility, molecular interactions, and biological functions

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11
Q

What type of bond forms between water molecules?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

Why are hydrogen bonds important for life?

A

They contribute to water’s high heat capacity, surface tension, and cellular functions.

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13
Q

What are the monomers of proteins, polysaccharides, and DNA

A

Amino acids (proteins), monosaccharides (polysaccharides), nucleotides (DNA)

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14
Q

What is the function of proteins in cells?

A

providing structural support
catalyzing chemical reactions as enzymes
transporting molecules
sending signals
facilitating movement within the cell

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15
Q

Where in the eukaryotic cell are proteins synthesized?

A

Ribosomes

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16
Q

What are the main components of the cellular membrane?

A

Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol.

17
Q

Name the 4 main methods of molecular transport across a membrane

A

Passive transport, active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis

18
Q

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

A

Water leaves the cell, causing it to shrink

19
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a low to high solute concentration

20
Q

What is ATP and its function?

A

Adenosine triphosphate, the main energy carrier in cells

21
Q

How is ATP synthesized?

A

Through cellular respiration, mainly in the mitochondria

22
Q

What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?

A

Reactants: CO₂ (carbon dioxide), H₂O (water), light
Products: Glucose, O₂ (oxygen)

23
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A

Light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle (synthesis phase)

24
Q

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?

A

Photosynthesis produces oxygen and glucose used in cellular respiration, which produces CO₂ and water used in photosynthesis

25
Q

What happens if you reduce the inputs (CO₂, light, water) for photosynthesis?

A

The plant’s overall health declines due to limited glucose production

26
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of aerobic respiration?

A

Inputs: Glucose, O₂.
Outputs: CO₂, H₂O, 36-38 ATP

27
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of anaerobic respiration?

A

Inputs: Glucose
Outputs: Lactic acid or ethanol, CO₂, 2 ATP

28
Q

Which processes produce more ATP: aerobic or anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration produces more ATP (36-38 ATP vs 2 ATP for anaerobic).

29
Q

Which type of respiration is used during short bursts of activity?

A

Anaerobic respiration

30
Q

what goes in and out of the stomata?

A

CO2 is let in
Oxygen let out

31
Q
A

BIO 101 (2 decks)

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