EXAM 1 Flashcards
Energy and Cell function
What are the similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Both have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material
What are the characteristics of life?
Growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, metabolism, homeostasis
What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotes have both
Give an example of an internal structure in eukaryotic cells
Nucleus, mitochondria.
Give an example of an external structure in prokaryotic cells
Flagella
What is the function of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
Energy production (ATP synthesis)
What structure performs a similar role to the nucleus in prokaryotic cells?
Nucleoid
What is a polar covalent bond?
A bond where electrons are shared unequally due to differing electronegativities
What’s the difference between polar and nonpolar molecules?
Polar molecules have uneven charge distribution; nonpolar molecules have even distribution
Why is polarity important?
It affects solubility, molecular interactions, and biological functions
What type of bond forms between water molecules?
Hydrogen bonds
Why are hydrogen bonds important for life?
They contribute to water’s high heat capacity, surface tension, and cellular functions.
What are the monomers of proteins, polysaccharides, and DNA
Amino acids (proteins), monosaccharides (polysaccharides), nucleotides (DNA)
What is the function of proteins in cells?
providing structural support
catalyzing chemical reactions as enzymes
transporting molecules
sending signals
facilitating movement within the cell
Where in the eukaryotic cell are proteins synthesized?
Ribosomes
What are the main components of the cellular membrane?
Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol.
Name the 4 main methods of molecular transport across a membrane
Passive transport, active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis
What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?
Water leaves the cell, causing it to shrink
What is osmosis?
The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a low to high solute concentration
What is ATP and its function?
Adenosine triphosphate, the main energy carrier in cells
How is ATP synthesized?
Through cellular respiration, mainly in the mitochondria
What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?
Reactants: CO₂ (carbon dioxide), H₂O (water), light
Products: Glucose, O₂ (oxygen)
What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
Light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle (synthesis phase)
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?
Photosynthesis produces oxygen and glucose used in cellular respiration, which produces CO₂ and water used in photosynthesis
What happens if you reduce the inputs (CO₂, light, water) for photosynthesis?
The plant’s overall health declines due to limited glucose production
What are the inputs and outputs of aerobic respiration?
Inputs: Glucose, O₂.
Outputs: CO₂, H₂O, 36-38 ATP
What are the inputs and outputs of anaerobic respiration?
Inputs: Glucose
Outputs: Lactic acid or ethanol, CO₂, 2 ATP
Which processes produce more ATP: aerobic or anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration produces more ATP (36-38 ATP vs 2 ATP for anaerobic).
Which type of respiration is used during short bursts of activity?
Anaerobic respiration
what goes in and out of the stomata?
CO2 is let in
Oxygen let out
