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Plant Science > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some plant uses for water?

A
  • Seed Germination
  • Transplant Establishment
  • Turgor Pressure in Cells
  • Transportation
  • Movement of Dissolved minerals and carbohydrates
  • Photosynthesis

Acronym: STTTMP

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2
Q

How do plants conduct water?

A

Acropetal up through xylem, basipetal down through phloem

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3
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The movement of water through plants

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4
Q

What are two theories of water movement?

A
  • Cohesion Tension
  • Pressure Flow
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5
Q

What are important facts about stomates?

A
  • 1% of leaf area
  • Tiny
  • Underside of the leaf
  • Thickened cell walls on one side
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6
Q

What percentage of a plant is water?

A

95%

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7
Q

What factors affect transpiration?

A
  • Temperature
  • Humidity
  • Wind
  • Light Intensity
  • Leaf area
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8
Q

What are some plants’ responses to loss of water?

A
  • Wilting
  • Loss of turgor pressure
  • Roll/Curling up
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9
Q

How do plants avoid drought?

A
  • Dormancy
  • Modified roots
  • Xeromorphic features
  • Escape through annual leaves
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10
Q

What does ET mean?

A

Evapotranspiration

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11
Q

How can water loss be managed?

A
  • Plant selection
  • Shading
  • Anti-transpiration
  • Irrigation
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12
Q

Why are healthy roots essential?

A
  • Aerification
  • Increase O2
  • Relieved compaction
  • Drainage
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13
Q

What are the effects of over or under watering?

A

Under watering = wilting and loss of turgor pressure
Overwatering = root rot

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14
Q

What is hydroponics?

A

Urban farming method allowing growth in local areas

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15
Q

What are the advantages of hydroponics?

A
  • No soil
  • Larger plants
  • More productivity
  • Easier harvest
  • Fewer pests
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16
Q

What are the disadvantages of hydroponics?

A
  • Cost
  • No soil buffer
  • Labor
  • Knowledge
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17
Q

What are the different types of hydroponics systems?

A
  • Reservoir Systems
  • Nutrient Film Technique
  • Aeroponics
  • Ebb and Flow
  • Drip Systems
  • Wicking
  • Aquaponics
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18
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

CO2 + H2O + light -> C6H12O6 + O2

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19
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

Study of carbon and its bonds

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20
Q

What are the two reactions in photosynthesis?

A
  • Light Reaction
  • Dark Reaction
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21
Q

What are some ingredients for photosynthesis?

A
  • Light
  • Oxygen
  • Carbon
  • Water
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22
Q

What are the resulting effects of light absorption?

A
  • Orientation of leaves
  • Shading
  • Size of leaves
  • Leaf area
  • Nature of surface
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23
Q

When is CO2 the highest?

A

In the winter at night time

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24
Q

What is the light reaction?

A

Involves three phases: Photosystem II, Redox Chain, Photosystem I

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25
Q

What is the Dark Reaction?

A

Occurs during the day and results in carbohydrates and sugars

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26
Q

What happens when CO2 runs out?

A

Photosynthesis becomes harder to start

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27
Q

What is the difference between C3 and C4 plants?

A
  • C3: Common plants, best in cool, wet, shady conditions
  • C4: Mostly tropical plants, can survive high temps
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28
Q

What is the importance of bundle sheath?

A

Keeps ribisco in place

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29
Q

Are carbohydrates only structural?

A

No, carbohydrates can be structural and unstructured

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30
Q

When are carbohydrate reserves highest?

A

When conditions are unsuitable for vegetative growth

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31
Q

When is it important to fertilize?

A

Best to fertilize when growth is slow, like in the fall

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32
Q

What different environmental factors affect photosynthesis?

A
  • Light quality and quantity
  • CO2 availability
  • H2O
  • Temperature
  • Pest problems
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33
Q

What are some factors we can control in photosynthesis?

A
  • Plant selection
  • CO2 pollution
  • H2O
  • Fertility
  • Cultivation
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34
Q

What makes C4 plants special?

A

They don’t do well in the shade

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35
Q

What is respiration vs. photosynthesis?

A
  • Respiration: Releases energy
  • Photosynthesis: Stores energy
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36
Q

What are secondary compounds?

A

Substances that plants provide like smell, taste, poison, and medical use

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37
Q

How is anaerobic respiration helpful?

A

Can benefit the plant by providing energy and is responsible for fermentation

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38
Q

What factors affect respiration?

A
  • Temperature
  • O2
  • CO2
  • H2O
  • Age
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39
Q

What are some ideal conditions for respiration?

A
  • Cold temperature
  • Increased CO2
  • Decreased oxygen
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40
Q

What are carbohydrate reserves used for and when are they important?

A

Used for rapid growth and important for growth recovery

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41
Q

What are some fall advantages?

A
  • Lower transpiration rates
  • Fewer pests
  • Good time to see fall colors or flowers
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42
Q

What is floriculture?

A

The study of floral production and the science of how to grow and use these plants

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43
Q

What are two things floral production is driven by?

A
  • Degree of isolation
  • Financial resources
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44
Q

What are flowers?

A

An organ of sexual reproduction in higher plants

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45
Q

What is the difference between angiosperm and gymnosperm?

A
  • Angiosperm: Flower
  • Gymnosperm: No flowers
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46
Q

Why are petals important?

A

Protect the insides of the plants and are usually bright and showy

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47
Q

What are sepals?

A

Leaves looking things under the flower

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48
Q

What are bracts and how are they different from petals?

A

Bracts are specialized leaves that can be colored

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49
Q

What is the difference between complete, incomplete, and perfect flowers?

A
  • Complete: Contains petals, sepals, stamen, and pistil
  • Incomplete: Missing one of the four
  • Perfect: Contains both male and female parts
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50
Q

What is the difference between monoecious and dioecious flowers?

A
  • Monoecious: Unisex, complete flowers
  • Dioecious: One sex, reliant on each other
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51
Q

How do sterile flowers come to be?

A

They are larger and show plants with no sexual parts

52
Q

What is a stamen?

A

Aids in getting pollen

53
Q

What are the types of flowers?

A
  • Compound
  • Simple
54
Q

What are awns?

A

The hair-looking things on grass

55
Q

What are glumes?

A

The parts that hold seeds on grass

56
Q

What are the parts of a legume’s flowers?

A
  • Wing
  • Keel
  • Banner
57
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Cell division similar to mitosis

58
Q

What is pollination?

A

The process where pollen gets into the plant, aiding in growth and potential fertilization

59
Q

What are the important parts of pollination?

A
  • Self pollination
  • Cross pollination
60
Q

What are some things that help with pollination?

A
  • Wind
  • Insects
  • Birds
  • Bats
61
Q

How can flowers attract pollinators?

A
  • Size
  • Shape
  • Color
  • Smell
62
Q

What are stamens and pistils?

A
  • Stamens: Male parts of the flower
  • Pistils: Female parts of the flower
63
Q

What are some problems with pollination?

A
  • Weather
  • Habitat
  • Pesticides
  • Pests
64
Q

What is thermoperiodism?

A

Most plants need a 10-degree change daily

65
Q

What is photoperiod?

A

Refers to long day and short day plants

66
Q

What is vernalization?

A

Some plants need a chilling period before planting

67
Q

What happens to plants after fertilization?

A
  • Ovules produce seeds
  • Zygote divides by mitosis
  • Antipodals and synergids disintegrate
68
Q

Why might plants not flower?

A
  • Thermoperiodism
  • Photoperiodism
  • Vernalization
  • Pollination
  • Frost
69
Q

What is the difference between parthenocarpy and apomixis?

A
  • Parthenocarpy: Fruit without fertilization
  • Apomixis: Seed without fertilization
70
Q

What is the difference between aggregate and multiple fruits?

A
  • Aggregate: Derived from a single flower with multiple pistils
  • Multiple: Derived from multiple flowers in a single inflorescence
71
Q

What are some dry fruits?

A
  • Grains
  • Achene
  • Nuts
  • Samaras
  • Legumes
  • Follicles
  • Capsules
  • Siliques
  • Silicles
72
Q

What are fleshy fruits?

A
  • Drupe
  • True Berries
  • Pepos
  • Hesperidia
  • Pomes
73
Q

What is the difference between indehiscent and dehiscent fruits?

A
  • Indehiscent: Do not split open
  • Dehiscent: Split open
74
Q

What are the parts of a seed?

A
  • Pericarp
  • Germ
  • Tip Cap
  • Endosperm
  • Embryo
75
Q

What are some external seed parts?

A
  • Seed Coats: Protection
  • Hilum: Point of attachment to ovary
76
Q

What are the first distinguishable parts of a seedling?

A
  • Coleoptile: Turns into leaves
  • Coleorhiza: Turns into roots
77
Q

What are some ways seeds get dispersed?

A
  • Water
  • Wind
  • Man
  • Animal
  • Ejection
78
Q

What are invasive seeds like?

A
  • Prolific
  • Rapid growth
  • Early maturity
79
Q

How long can seeds last?

A

They can last for decades

80
Q

What is the importance of crop rotation?

A

Can prevent weed growth

81
Q

What is the seed production cycle?

A
  • Wildlife seed collection
  • Field Establishment
  • Seed Production
  • Seed Cleaning/Testing
  • Seed Storage and Use
  • Repeat
82
Q

What information is typically found on seed labels?

A
  • Species/Variety
  • Weight
  • Test dates
  • Percentage of germination
  • Percentage of pure seed
  • Other crops and weeds
  • Inert matter
  • Noxious weed
83
Q

What is the difference between seed mixtures and blends?

A
  • Seed mixture: Combining different species
  • Seed blends: Combining cultivars within a species
84
Q

What is the difference between dormancy, scarification, and quiescence?

A
  • Dormancy: Growth will not resume even if conditions are met
  • Scarification: Seed coat scarification
  • Quiescence: Growth resumes when the right conditions present themselves
85
Q

What is seeding?

A

New establishment on bare ground

86
Q

What is overseeding?

A

Seeding into an existing turf

87
Q

What is interseeding?

A

Seeding into an existing crop

88
Q

What are some seed treatments?

A
  • Mechanical enhancement
  • Treatments (fungicide or insecticide)
  • Inoculation (nitrogen-fixing bacteria)
  • Coating/Pelletizing
  • Priming (pre-germination)
89
Q

What are some important things to remember when planting seeds?

A
  • Timing
  • Seed depth (no deeper than 4 times the seed diameter)
  • Good seed/soil contact is essential
90
Q

What are some factors that affect germination?

A
  • Viable, quality seed
  • Water
  • Oxygen
  • Temperature
  • Light
91
Q

What are some ways seeds start to emerge?

A
  • Epipogenous: Above the ground
  • Hypogynous: below the ground
92
Q

What is the difference between selection, domestication, cultigen, and landrace?

A
  • Selection: Intentional collection of plants with desirable traits
  • Domestication: Process where selected plants become accustomed to human provision
  • Cultigen: Plants originally selected by humans
  • Landrace: Local varieties developed by natural processes
93
Q

What are some ways to store seeds?

A

Store in a cool, dry place to protect from rodents

94
Q

What is the genetic ratio?

A

Maternal vs. Paternal showing cross-pollination

95
Q

What is genotype vs. phenotype?

A
  • Genotype: Genetic makeup of an organism
  • Phenotype: Physical characteristics of an organism
96
Q

What is DNA?

A

Stacks of amino acids with codes

97
Q

What is ploidy?

A

Number of chromosomes

98
Q

What are alleles?

A

Pairs of genes

99
Q

What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?

A
  • Homozygous: Same
  • Heterozygous: Different
100
Q

What are the two important parts of plant breeding?

A
  • Sexual compatible germplasm
  • Sexual incompatible germplasm
101
Q

What is hybrid vigor?

A

Mating of two distinctly homozygous individuals resulting in hybrid vigor

102
Q

What are the pros of GMOs?

A
  • Pest resistance
  • Superior plants
103
Q

What are the cons of GMOs?

A
  • Pollen transfer
  • Food allergies
  • Domination of markets by chemical companies
104
Q

What are some advantages of seed propagation?

A
  • Cheapest
  • Most affordable
  • New hybrids possible
  • Easy to store and ship
  • Less disease, especially viruses
105
Q

What are some disadvantages of seed propagation?

A
  • Variability
  • Long time to maturity
  • Some seeds need treatments
  • Favorable environment required
106
Q

What are some asexual methods of propagation?

A
  • Plantlet
  • Crown division
  • Cuttings
  • Grafting
  • Layering
  • Bulbs and stems
  • Micropropagation
  • Transplanting
107
Q

What are some types of cuttings?

A
  • Leaf
  • Stem
  • Softwood
  • Hardwood
  • Roots
108
Q

What are some reasons for grafting?

A
  • Uniformity
  • Production
  • Allows growers to switch to newer varieties
  • Allows selection of superior root systems
  • Grafted plants produce flowers and fruits earlier than seeded plants
109
Q

What is budding?

A

A special form of grafting performed in late summer

110
Q

What is guttation?

A

Water coming out of the nodes on the leaf margin, sometimes confused with morning dew

111
Q

What are the parts of a legume flower?

A
  • Wing
  • Banner
  • Keel
112
Q

What are the types of inflorescence?

A
  • Spike
  • Umbel
  • Head
  • Raceme
  • Panicle
113
Q

What are the standard parts of a flower?

A
  • Pistil
  • Stigma
  • Ovary
  • Receptacle
  • Peduncle
  • Ovule
  • Sepal
  • Petals
  • Stamen
  • Anther
  • Filament
  • Style
114
Q

What is Kranz anatomy?

A

Anatomical feature of C4 plants involving specialized structures for photosynthesis

115
Q

What are the components of chloroplast anatomy?

A
  • Lamella
  • Lumen
  • Granum
  • Thylakoid
  • Stroma
  • Intermembrane space
  • Inner membrane
  • Outer membrane
116
Q

What is the difference between pollination and fertilization?

A

Pollination involves transferring pollen to the stigma, while fertilization involves pollen grains growing into a pollen tube that connects with sperm cells

117
Q

Briefly describe the light reaction in photosynthesis.

A

Occurs in the grana, involves Photosystem II, Redox Chain, and Photosystem I, resulting in NADPH and ATP

118
Q

Briefly describe the dark reaction in photosynthesis.

A

Occurs in the stroma, uses products from the light reaction, involves the Carbon Cycle, resulting in sugars and CO2

119
Q

Why might plants not flower?

A
  • Thermoperiodism
  • Photoperiodism
  • Vernation
  • Pollination
  • Frost
120
Q

What are the important Physics of Water

A
  • Osmoisis
  • Diffusion: Higher constriction the lower the air
  • Plasmolysis: water leaves the cell
  • Imbibition: absorption
  • Capillary Action: water sticks together to rise and fall
  • Active Transport: pumping water within the plant
121
Q

Where does light reaction take place?

A

Chloroplast

122
Q

What are products of light reaction?

A

NADPH and ATP

123
Q

What are products of dark reaction?

A

sugar, carbohydrates, 6-carbon, CO2

124
Q

Where does the dark reaction take place?

A

Stroma

125
Q

What are the 3 functions of the Calvin Cycle?

A
  1. Carbon Fix
  2. Reduction
  3. Regeneration of RUBP
126
Q

T or F Dark reaction only happens during the night

A

FALSE - only happens during the day

127
Q

Are Kranz anatomy plants used in C3 or C4 pants?

A

C4 plants

Plant Science (2 decks)

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