Exam 2 Flashcards
Latent heat is the quantity of heat gained or lost as a substance undergoes a
change in state
Density ____ as temperature _____ because the molecules lose energy and slow down, so the same number of molecules occupy less space.
increase; decreases
Which of the following statements regarding water density is correct?
a. adding dissolved substances increases the temperature of maximum density for water because the formation of less-dense ice crystals is suppressed.
b. increasing the pressure decreases the temperature of maximum density for freshwater because the formation of bulky ice crystals is inhibited
c. decreasing amounts of dissolved substances inhibit the formation of hydrogen bonds, which restricts the number of ice crystals that can form
d. decreasing pressure increases the number of water molecules in a given volume and inhibits the number of ice crystals that can be created
b
the average salinity of typical seawater is
3.5%
The principal of constant proportions states that _____.
a. ocean salinity varies as a function of season
b. ocean salinity varies with geographical location
c. the percentage of chloride varies with ocean depth
d. the percentage of sodium varies with ocean depth
e. the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change
e
Of all the following processes which one increases the salinity of water?
a. precipitation
b. runoff
c. icebergs melting
d. evaporation
e. sea ice melting
d
The transfer of water between the atmosphere, the oceans, and the continents is known as the
a. closed cycle
b. geologic cycle
c. hydrobiological cycle
d. hydrologic cycle
e. meteorological cycle
d
Which of the following statements regarding pH is true?
a. A oH of 10 is acidic, and a pH of 3 is alkaline
b. as a whole, the oH of the ocean is slightly acidic
c. buffers accelerate large changes in the pH of a solution
d. pH will change in deeper water when organisms with calcite shells ink
e. pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution
e
______ deposits are found on continental shelves and in shallow water near islands, whereas, _____ deposits are found in deep-ocean basins and are fine-grained.
a. Pelagic: neritic
b. neritic: pelagic
c. beach: continental shelf
d. continental shelf: beach
b
Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)?
a. Diatoms
b. foraminiferans
c. Glauconite
d. phosphorites
e. radiolarians
b
Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristic?
a. low carbon dioxide and warmer temperatures
b. lots of carbon dioxide and colder temperatures
c. lots of carbon dioxide and warmer temperatures
d. low pressure and warmer temperatures
e. low pressure and colder temperatures
b
Which of the following is not a setting where you would expect to find calcareous ooze?
a. cool surface water temperature
b. seafloor beneath warm surface water in low latitudes
c. calcareous ooze dissolved below the CCD
d. seafloor beneath warm water surface water in low latitudes along the mid-ocean ridge
a
Which one of the following is not considered a fundamental process of the distribution of biogenous sediment on the ocean floor?
a. destruction
b. dilution
c. construction
d. productivity
c
The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is one of the ____.
a. abyssal plain far from a continent
b. continental ride
c. continental shelf
d. crest of a mid-ocean ridge
a
The type of marine sediment that forms the thickest deposits worldwide is _____.
a. abyssal clay deposits
b. manganese nodule deposits
c. pelagic biogenous calcareous deposits
d. neritic lithogenous sediment deposits
e. neritic siliceous sediment deposits
d
The ion in sea water that serves as a buffer is
a. Ca+2
b. Cl-
c. CO2
d. Na+
e. HCO3-
e
Rapidly changed salinity with depth is called the _____.
a. thermocline
b. pycnocline
c. halocline
d. mixed layer
c
As the salinity of seawater increases, it’s _____.
a. density decreases
b. density increase
c. residence time changes
d. residence time increases
e. residence time decreases
b
Which of the following has the greatest influence on seawater density?
a. salinity
b. pressure
c. temperature
d. sea life
c
Which of the following best describes the Distillation method for desalination?
a. a current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by a semipermeable membrane from seawater.
b. large icebergs are brought to coastal waters of countries that need freshwater where they are melted
c. Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it decondensed as freshwater
d. seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing
e. water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side
c
Which of the following best describes the reverse Osmosis Method for desalination?
a. a current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by a semipermeable membrane from seawater.
b. large icebergs are brought to coastal waters of countries that need freshwater where they are melted
c. Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it decondensed as freshwater
d. seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing
e. water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side
e
Where are the thickest marine sediments located?
a. deep ocean basin
b. continental shelf
c. continental rise
d. submarine canyon
e. abyssal plain
b
Which of the following is the major environmental concern regarding the release of methane from the sea floor to the atmosphere?
a. at least fifty deep-ocean floor sites may contain extensive methane hydrate deposits
b. methane is created when bacteria break down organic matter trapped in seafloor sediments
c. release of large quantities of methane from the ocean causes dramatic effects on global climate
d. sea floor methane seeps support a rich community of organisms that depend on the methane
e. sudden releases of methane hydrates have been linked to underwater slope failure
c
The covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule form as a result of the ____.
a. polarity of water molecules
b. sharing of electrons between the atoms
c. viscosity of water
d. surface tension of water
e. the viscosity of water
b
Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of _____.
a. electron sharing
b. electron transfer
c. the polarity of water molecules
d. surface tension
e. the viscosity of water
c
Many of unique properties of water are attributed to the fact that water ____.
a. contains ionic bonds
b. exists in three states of matter on earth’s surface
c. is a polar molecule
d. is a universal solvent
e. requires heat to condense
c
Which of the following statements comparing covalent and hydrogen bonding is correct?
a. stronger covalent bonds occur between adjacent water molecules and weaker hydrogen bonds form within water molecules
b. stronger covalent bonds occur within water molecules and weaker hydrogen bonds form between adjacent water molecules
c. weaker covalent bonds occur between adjacent water molecules and stronger hydrogen bonds form within water molecules
d.Weaker covalent bonds occur within water molecules and stronger hydrogen bonds form between adjacent water molecules
b
Due to the years-long drought, an ambitious plan to build the largest desalination plant in the western hemisphere has been proposed in the US state.
a. California
b. Flordia
c. Oregan
D. South Carolina
a
The states of matter in which water exists are primarily determined by _____.
a. density
b. salinity
c. chlorinity
d. temperature
e. pH
d
T or F: the latent heat of evaporation of water is larger than the latent heat of vaporization
t
T or F: Independent of the actual salinity, the ratios or proportions of the major dissolved constituents of seawater such as chloride, sodium, and magnesium are relatively constant
t
T or F: Any solution with a pH of greater than 7.0 is acidic
f
T or F: The country which produced the most water through desalination processed is Egypt
f
T or F: Salt is a biogenic sediment found at low latitudes
f
T or F: the deposition of phosphate is affected and manganese nodules are hydrogenous sediments
f
T or F: calcium carbonate, phosphates, and manganese nodules are hydrogenous sediments
t
T or F: tektites are glassy rock fragments of cosmic origin
t
matching:
- bonds that involve giving up or gaining electrons
a. ionid bonds
b. atoms
c. hydrogen bonds
d. covalent bonds
e. electrons
a
matching:
- the types of bonds that allow water to form chains
a. ionic bonds
b. atoms
c. hydrogen bonds
d. covalent bonds
e. electrons
c
matching:
- basic building blocks of all matter
a. ionic bonds
b. atoms
c. hydrogen bonds
d. covalent bonds
e. electrons
b
matching:
- negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit nucleus
a. ionic bonds
b. atoms
c. hydrogen bonds
d. covalent bonds
e. electrons
e
matching:
- bonds that involve sharing between atoms
a. ionic bonds
b. atoms
c. hydrogen bonds
d. covalent bonds
e. electrons
d
matching:
- sands
a. terrigenous/lithogenous
b. biogenous
c. hydrogenous
d. cosmogenous
a
matching:
- phosphates
a. terrigenous/lithogenous
b. biogenous
c. hydrogenous
d. cosmogenous
c
matching:
- coral reefs
a. terrigenous/lithogenous
b. biogenous
c. hydrogenous
d. cosmogenous
b
matching:
- micrometeorites
a. terrigenous/lithogenous
b. biogenous
c. hydrogenous
d. cosmogenous
d
matching:
- calcareous ooze
a. terrigenous/lithogenous
b. biogenous
c. hydrogenous
d. cosmogenous
b
matching:
- salt
a. terrigenous/lithogenous
b. biogenous
c. hydrogenous
d. cosmogenous
c
matching:
- manganese nodules
a. terrigenous/lithogenous
b. biogenous
c. hydrogenous
d. cosmogenous
c
matching:
- abyssal clay
a. terrigenous/lithogenous
b. biogenous
c. hydrogenous
d. cosmogenous
a
