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Donny RAD SCI 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Exam:
Collimation _____ patient dose by:

A

decreases
limiting the volume of tissue exposed to radiation

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2
Q

Exam:
What does collimation do to radiologic contrast?
How?

A

improves the radiologic contrast
by limiting the volume of tissue that can create scatter

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3
Q

Exam:
What is the aperture diaphragm?

A

fixed opening between the x-ray tube & collimator box

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4
Q

Exam:
What is the collimator?

A

adjustable lead shutters

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4
Q

Exam:
What is PBL?
What does it do?
What can you do to manipulate this?

A

positive beam limitation
automatic collimator based on IR size
override if the desired field size is smaller than the IR

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4
Q

Exam:
Scatter occurs commonly with:

A

large field sizes
increased tissue volume

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5
Q

Exam:
What are the other beam limitations?
What are they?

A

aperture diaphragm: immovable opening between x-ray tube & collimator box)
Mask: lead sheet with an opening used to image specific anatomy of interest (skull x-ray with a hole cut through)

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5
Q

Exam:
What does scatter do to exposure?

A

scatter increases exposure to the IR

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5
Q

Exam:
Light/radiation field can be off by:

A

+/- 2% of the SID

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6
Q

Exam:
What is scatter also known as?

A

Secondary radiation

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6
Q

Exam:
What happens to scatter at higher kVp levels?
What happens to compton?

A

scatter is increased at higher kVp
Compton interactions proportionally increase at higher kVp levels

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7
Q

Exam:
What does scatter do to noise?
how does scatter affect contrast?
what does scatter do to detail, magnification, or distortion?

A

scatter increases noise
scatter decreases contrast
scatter does not affect detail, magnification, or distortion

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7
Q

Exam:
What is the number one source for of occupational exposure?

A

scatter radiation

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8
Q

Exam:
How can we reduce scatter?
what is the most effective way to reduce scatter?
second most effective?

A

increase collimation (most effective way to control)
decrease part volume (compression) (second most effective way)
reduce kVp
grids (affects scatter reaching the IR, not PRODUCTION)
distance (SID < SOD< OID) (no effect on scatter production)

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9
Q

Exam review:
What affects detail?

A

focal spot size
penumbra

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9
Q

Exam:
What do grids do?

A

affect scatter reaching the IR, not the PRODUCTION of scatter

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10
Q

Exam:
What is the purpose for grids?
What does it not affect?

A

restore subject contrast in an image
grids don’t affect the production of scatter radiation

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11
Q

Exam:
How are grids constructed?

A

alternating strips of lead & interspace material (AL most common but can also be plastic)

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12
Q

Exam:
How do we calculate grid frequency?

A

number of lead strips per inch (100/inch)

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13
Q

Exam review:
What are focused grids?
Linear?
crosshatched?

A

grids that follow the divergent beam
run up and down (only can angle one way)
run up/down & side to side

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13
Q

Exam:
Grids can be _____ _____ or ______ (different types of grids)

A

linear
crosshatched
focused

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14
Q

Exam:
Grids are designed to be used:

A

at a specific distance from the focal spot

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14
Q

Exam:
Grids allow the ______ ______ to pass through ______ _______ and absorb ____ ______

A

primary beam
lead strips
scattered x-rays

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15
Q

Exam:
Focused gridlines are directed to:

A

a convergence point (generally the focal spot)

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15
Exam: Motion will?
blur the gridlines
16
Exam: modern grids attenuate:
70-80% of scattered photons
17
Exam: Grids should be used:
part thickness greater than 10cm kVp greater than 70 large field sizes
18
Exam: The effectiveness of the grids is measured by: also know as?
the ratio of the height of the lead strips to the width of the interspace material grid ratio
18
Exam: What type of grid errors are there? what is the worst case scenario?
off-center off-level off- focus upside down (worst outcome)
19
Exam: What are the grid ratios? no grid: 5:1 6:1 8:1 10:1 12:1 16:1
1 2 3 4 5 5 6
20
Exam: Grid math: Old 500 mA 1 sec 12:1 Grid New 50 mA ___ sec 6:1 grid math
Steps: 500 mA x.1= 50mA 12:1 grid (6) to 6:1 (3) (new/old) 3/5= .6 50 x .6= 30mA 30 mA/ 50 mA= .6
20
Exam: grid math Old 100 mA 5 secs 1no Grid New ____ mA .25 sec 6:1 Grid
Steps: 100 mA x .5= 50 mA no grid (1/old) to 6:1 (3/new)= 3/1 new/old 50 mA x 3= 150 mA 150 mA/.25 secs= 600 mA
21
Exam: Grid math
21
Exam: Grid math:
22
Exam: How do generators affect x-ray technique?
generators affect penetration by altering the average energy of created x-rays
22
Exam: What generator have an effective kVp equal to the set kVP?
portables Portables are the only generators that have an effective kVp equal to the set kVp
23
Exam: What does kVp affect?
the x-ray's beam's ability to penerate tissues
24
Exam: Increasing the kVp by 15%:
doubles the number of x-ray photons that reach the image receptor
24
Exam: increasing kVp by 15% _____ image receptor exposure but only increases patient dose by _______
doubles 1/3 (kVp math will be on the test)
24
Exam: The primary purpose of beam filtration is?
to reduce patient exposure
24
Exam: two types of filtration:
inherent (built-in (x-ray tube glass, cooling oil, beryllium window) added (usually aluminum but can be copper)
25
Exam: What is total filtration?
added + inherent filtration
26
Exam: what is the required filtration?
2.5 mm Al/Eq (legally)
26
Exam: what does filtration do to the average kVp? why?
increases the average kVp bc of the removal of weak x-rays by filtration
26
Exam: How is penetration measured?
half-value layers (HVL) (QC stuff)
27
Exam: Compensating filtration is not considered to be apart of:
inherent or added filtration
28
Exam: What is compensating filtrations purpose?
to even out body parts that are inherently uneven
29
Exam: What exams are compensating filters used on?
x-table shoulder x-table hip swimmers c-spine
30
Exam: What is sthenic?
a healthy average person
31
Exam: What is hyposthenic? what do we do to technique?
thin but healthy reduce mAs
32
Exam: What is asthenic? What do we do to technique?
thin and ill/old reduce kVp
33
Exam: what is hypersthenic? what do we do to technique?
large body type, increased fatty tissue increase kVp
33
Exam: For postmortem how should our technique be adjusted: in first 30 minutes after 30 minutes
increased technique 35% in the first 30 minutes increase technique 50% after the first 30 minutes increase technique
34
Exam: What is the caliper?
device used to accurate measure a part thickness
34
Exam: The caliper should:
measure along the central ray
34
Exam: what is the average abdomen thickness? AP: LAT:
AP: 22 cm Lat: 30 cm
35
Exam: How much change in a technique is required to demonstrate a noticeable difference in an x-ray?
35% change in technique is required to demonstrate a change to a radiographic
35
Exam: What should we expect in postmortem in regards to technique?
expect less air in the chest and increased fluids
35
Exam: How are contrast agents appearing on an x-ray?
contrast agents are easier to see on a radiograph due to their high atomic number (Z#)
35
Exam: What is needed for contrast agents regarding technique?
the introduction of contrast agent requires an increase in technique to partially penetrate the contrast agent
35
Exam: What is the technique for iodine studies? what about single contrast studies? what about double contrast studies?
80 kVp minimum for iodine studies (urinary systems) 120 kvp for single contrast GI studies using barium 90-100 kVp for double contrast studies with air and barium
35
Exam: Contrast agents only affect:
image contrast
36
Exam: Casts technique should:
be increased for plaster casts
36
Exam: Technique for: Dry casts: Wet casts: fiberglass casts:
double the kVp (+15%) triple the kVp (+15% kvp then +15% again) no change to the technique
37
Exam: Additive diseases require:
an increase in technique due to increase fluid/bony growth
37
Exam: for additive diseases with soft tissue we need to increase:
mAs to maintain subject contrast for soft tissue disease
38
Exam: for additive disease that have bony growth we increase:
kVp for bony growth in order to penetrate additional bony tissue
38
Exam: soft tissue Additive diseases: What do we increase?
Actinomycosis: 50% mAs Ascites: 50-75% mAs Carcinomas, fibrous: 50% mAs Cirrhosis: 50% mAs pulmonary edema: 50% mAs hydrocephalus: 50-75% mAs hydropneumothorax: 50% mAs pleural effusion: 35% mAs pneumonia: 50% mAs Syphilis: 50% mAs Tuberculosis, pulmonary: 50% mAs mAs
39
Exam: bony growth additive disease:
acromegaly: 8-10 kVp osteoarthritis (DJD) 8% kVp osteochrondroma: 8% kVp osteopetrosis: 8-12% kVp pagets disease: 8% kVp
40
Exam: Destructive diseases require a decrease: what should be reduced?
in technique due to increased air, fat, or bony destruction kVp should be reduced as penetration is easier
41
Exam: Destructive disease pathologies:
aseptic necrosis: 8% kVp blastomycosis: 8% kVp bowel obstruction: 8% kVp cancers, osteolytic: 8% kVp emphysema: 8% kVp ewing's tumor: 8% kVp exostosis: 8% kVp Gout: 8% kVp hodgkin's disease: 8% kVp hyperparathyroidism: 8% kVp osteitis fibrosa cystica: 8% kVp osteomalacia: 8% kVp osteomyelitis: 8% kVp osteoporosis: 8% kVp pneumothorax: 8% kVp rheumatoid arthritis: 8% kVp
41
Exam: What creates a small effective focal spot?
the combination of a thin electron beam (cathode) from the cathode and small anode bevel (angle) creates a small effective focal spot
42
Exam: What and where is the effective focal spot?
the effective focal spot is the projected focal spot located directly below the actual focal spot
42
Exam: What is the typical anode angle?
typical anode angles for diagnostic imaging range from 15-17 degrees
43
Exam: What are the typical cathode sizes?
small focal spot: 1 cm large focal spot: 1.5cm-2cm
43
Exam: What are the typical effective focal spot sizes?
small effective focal spot: 0.5-1mm large effective focal spot: 1-2mm
43
Exam: Focal spot effects:
the smaller the focal spot, the better the spatial resolution large focal spots can be used when detail is not critical to reduce heat in the tube (small+ better picture, large+ better for heat capacity)
43
Exam: What is the anode heel effect?
the variation in x-ray intensity along the long axis of the x-ray beam from anode to cathode
43
Exam: Which side of the x-ray beam is the weakest?
the intensity is weakest on the anode side of the x-ray beam (due to the beam being attenuated bc of the material of the anode)
44
Exam: The anode-heel effect is more significant when using:
larger field sizes shorter SID's
45
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Donny RAD SCI 2 (4 decks)

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