Exam 2 Flashcards
Is social inclusion a problem in developed countries?
Yes, through income and wealth inequality, economic discrimination, and cultural norms.
What are the six important ethical approaches to social inclusion highlighted by Sachs?
1) virtue ethics - human beings have a responsibility to others
2) religious ethics - a;; humanity os viewed as equal children of god
3) deontological ethics (aka duty ethics) - ethics as a matter of duty to rational principles
4) utilitarianism - the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people
5) libertarianism - the freedom to choose one’s own life course
6) human rights philosophy - every human being on the planet has basic human rights that must be protected by the society
What are Merit Goods?
Goods and services that should be accessible by all individuals in society irrespective of their ability to pay or identity
What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
Considered to be the moral charter of the UN, and it follows the idea that by meeting the basic rights of people in the world, dignity and economic wellbeing could be ensured and another global war could be prevented
What are three reasons we have seen a widening of the income gap in the UN?
1) rising gap in earning between high skilled and low skilled workers
2) increased use of robotics, advanced management systems, and other information technologies
3) the US political system
What is the GII? What does it measure? What three categories does it include?
The Gender Inequality Index measures gender inequality in a country. The 3 categories it includes is reproductive health, female empowerment, and labor force participation of women.
What are the 2 related ideas that help comprise the concept of human development?
1) the abilities and health of an individual depend on a cumulative process of good health and access to health care, living in a safe environment, education, building skills, an on-the-job experience
2) an individual’s capacities, health, and productivity at any stage of the life cycle depend on the choices that are made at earlier stages of that life cycle
Is there a high or low rate of return on investments in pre-school? Why?
High, pre-k classes shape the formative years of brain development, in early socialization and development of personality, in nurturing cognition and scholastic aptitude, and in ensuring physical wellbeing
What was the benefit to cost ratio of the Perry Preschool project?
8.7, so the program is enormously justified by the social benefits 9higher future earnings, less crime, etc)
What sort of relationship do we see between the Gini Coefficient and social mobility?
The higher the Gini Coefficient (higher inequality), the lower social mobility
What was the Morrill Land Grant Act?
Established in 1862, this legislation created “land grant universities” to foster agriculture and mechanical advances based on science and technology
What is the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network?
An outreach organization designed to link universities, businesses, and other knowledge institutions around the world in the common challenge of finding solutions to sustainable development
Around how many children die each year before their 5th birthday?
Around 6 million
When was the World Health Organization (WHO) founded?
1948, with the central mission to achieve the highest attainable standard of health as a fundamental human right for all
What was the Alma-Ata Declaration?
Adopted by world health officials, it called for universal health by the year 2000
At the time of the industrial revolution what was Life Expectancy at Birth (LEB)?
Estimated to be about 35 years
What is Sachs getting at when he talks about “convergence of public health”?
Improved public health is highly tied to development, since most early deaths are in some way related to poverty. Therefore, a convergence of public health and development can exist
After _____ amount, when do you stop seeing huge gains in LEB with further increases in GDP per capita?
Around $20,000 at international prices
On figure 9.2 where is the steepest part of the curve? Please explain what this observes.
Steepest at very low incomes meaning that when countries are very poor, even small incremental changes in income lead to very steep gains in life expectancy.
Are the reasons for death in rich countries often different than death in poor countries? If so, what sort of difference are typically seen?
Yes, they differ, the poor die from many of the same causes that the rich do, but they also die of conditions that rich people no longer die of (especially communicable disease)
What does DALYs measure?
Disability-adjusted life years, the sum of life years lost plus the years lost to disability
What is Sachs saying when he talks about the vicious spiral related to poverty and health?
He’s referring to the fact that poverty contributes to poor health, but poor health also contributes to poverty. Therefore, there is a vicious repeating cycle that’s hard to escape from
What is he saying when he talks about the virtuous spiral?
He’s suggesting that a virtuous cycle, sparked by an intentional action, can create an upward spiral of health and wealth that builds off itself, breaking the vicious cycle
Can agricultural interventions help break vicious spirals?
Yes, more productive farmers growing more food will support healthier diets and the community may generate a surplus
Can improving infrastructure lead to improved health?
Yes, in areas such as safe drinking water, sanitation, power, roads, and communications
What is the field of Public Health?
It tackles the treatment and health of a population rather than an individual, through the work of doctors, nurses, and other tools
What are some examples of interventions in the field of public health?
Safe drinking water, community access to antimalaria bed nets, and widespread coverage of effective vaccines.
How are interventions Systematic Packages?
They follow a systemic approach: Diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up that address specific problems (ex: malaria or resuscitation)
