Exam 2

Question 1

communication

Answer 1

any aspect of A’s presence or behavior that influences B

Question 2

Signaler +
Receiver +

Answer 2

Mutualistic

Question 3

Signaler +
Receiver -

Answer 3

Manipulative

Question 4

Signaler -
Receiver +

Answer 4

Altruistic

Question 5

Signaler -
Receiver -

Answer 5

Spiteful

Question 6

What is a consequence of sending a signal through a channel?

Answer 6

Noise

Question 7

Signal detection theory:
Signal present
Response

Answer 7

Hit

Question 8

Signal detection theory:
Signal present
No response

Answer 8

Miss (false negative)

Question 9

Signal detection theory:
Signal absent
Response

Answer 9

False alarm (false positive)

Question 10

Signal detection theory:
Signal absent
No response

Answer 10

Correct rejection

Question 11

What is 1 on this image

Answer 11

Correct rejection

Question 12

What is 2 on this image

Answer 12

Hit

Question 13

What is 3 on this image

Answer 13

Miss

Question 14

What is 4 on this image

Answer 14

False alarm

Question 15

frequency is the inverse of ______________

Answer 15

period

Question 16

single sound wave = _____________

Answer 16

pure tone

Question 17

sign wave

Answer 17

the most basic form of communication signals (every form of communication except chemical)

Question 18

What is a cost of increasing the amount of information?

Answer 18

More expensive (decreases value)

Question 19

What is a benefit of increasing the amount of information?

Answer 19

Reduces error (increases value)

Question 20

H

Answer 20

amount of information transferred (in bits) or amount of uncertainty is reduced

Question 21

How do you calculate H?

Answer 21

log2n –> n = number of equally probable alternatives

Question 22

arbitrary signal

Answer 22

signal “removed” from information (most signals) - no general rules, must know what signal means (either innately or through learning)

Question 23

iconic signal

Answer 23

signal related to, or representing something, about info - general rules establishing information

Question 24

What is an example of an iconic signal?

Answer 24

honeybee dance
onomatopoeia

Question 25

graded intensity:

Answer 25

continuous potentially convey more information short distance linear on graph

Question 26

Typical intensity:

Answer 26

discrete less subject to misinterpretation long distance increases then plateaus on graph

Question 27

Example of graded intensity

Answer 27

facial expressions

Question 28

example of typical intensity

Answer 28

signaling flags on ships

Question 29

Ritualization

Answer 29

complex communication behavior that are originated from other functions

Question 30

Steps of ritualization

Answer 30

Simplification Exaggeration Stereotypy Repetition of signal

Question 31

example of exaggeration

Answer 31

male peacock tail

Question 31

Example of simplification

Answer 31

love birds --> scratching

Question 32

example of repetition of signal

Answer 32

fiddler crab wave + wild turkey mating dance

Question 33

When does ritualization occur?

Answer 33

conflict situations when it reduces the complexity of a signal

Question 34

Longitudinal wave

Answer 34

particle motion parallel to direction of wave propagation

Question 35

transverse wave

Answer 35

particle motion perpendicular to direction of wave propagation

Question 36

Velocity = ___________ x ______________

Answer 36

frequency wavelength

Question 37

Sound travels _________ in water vs air because water has a ____________ density than air

Answer 37

faster higher

Question 38

Sound velocity of air (at sea level)

Answer 38

340 m/s

Question 39

Near field

Answer 39

where energy due to particle displacement is greater than (usually < 1 wavelength) feel it

Question 40

Example of near field

Answer 40

grouse (booming) speakers (rock concert)

Question 41

Far field

Answer 41

where energy due to pressure is greater than (usually > 1 wavelength)

Question 42

Most animals communication using ___________ field

Answer 42

far

Question 43

energy is lost more rapidly in __________ field

Answer 43

near

Question 44

how do you calculate dB?

Answer 44

20 x log10 (P2/P1)

Question 45

Maximum sound production efficiency occurs when source diameter = ___________

Answer 45

1 wavelength

Question 46

Why do small animals (insects) struggle to communicate over long distances?

Answer 46

typically cannot produce low frequencies (long wavelengths) with much efficiency

Question 47

what are solution to small animals struggling to communicate over long distances?

Answer 47

amplify sound by creating an air filled space prevent acoustic short-circuiting

Question 48

What two groups have achieved sound production?

Answer 48

Arthropods vertebrates

Question 49

What animals have not achieved sound production?

Answer 49

most fish reptiles any salamanders

Question 50

What are the different mechanisms of sound production?

Answer 50

stridulation tymbal organ larynx syrinx mechanical

Question 51

what organisms use stridulation sound production?

Answer 51

crickets, katydids, grasshoppers

Question 52

what organisms use a tymbal organ sound production?

Answer 52

cicadas

Question 53

what organisms use a larynx for sound production?

Answer 53

mammals (vocal chords after glottis) frogs (vocal chords before glottis)

Question 54

what organisms use a syrinx for sound production?

Answer 54

birds can produce two sounds at once because of two tympanic membranes and two bronchus

Question 55

what organisms use mechanical for sound production?

Answer 55

woodpeckers

Question 56

What are different ways attenuation occurs?

Answer 56

spherical spreading atmospheric absorption scattering boundary interference

Question 57

attenuation

Answer 57

decrease in intensity (loses energy)

Question 58

degradation

Answer 58

change in signal structure

Question 59

atmospheric absorption

Answer 59

energy absorbed by air molecules

Question 60

boundary interference

Answer 60

interference (cancellation) between direct and reflected waves from ground

Question 61

reverberation

Answer 61

multiple reflections of sound

Question 62

amplitude fluctuation

Answer 62

due to passage through turbulence example: talking when windy

Question 63

what are the two ways sound experiences degradation?

Answer 63

reverberation amplitude fluctuation

Question 64

What are closed transmission strategies?

Answer 64

sound window in forests between 1-2.5 kHz (loses energy above or below) tonal signals - improve S/N for long range (pure tones_

Question 65

What is an open transmission strategy?

Answer 65

redundant AM signals

Question 66

What is both an open and closed transmission strategy?

Answer 66

avoidance of background noise temporal spectral

Question 67

What animals use particle-displacement detectors?

Answer 67

lateral line of fish

Question 68

What animals use open-tube pressure detectors?

Answer 68

insects + frogs

Question 69

What animals use closed-cavity pressure detectors?

Answer 69

birds + mammals

Question 70

what two ear types detect near field?

Answer 70

particle-displacement detector open-tube pressure detector

Question 71

What does the outer ear do in vertebrates?

Answer 71

collects + channels sound

Question 72

What does the middle ear do in vertebrates?

Answer 72

amplifies sound

Question 73

What does the inner ear do in vertebrates?

Answer 73

transduces sound

Question 74

what does transducing sound mean?

Answer 74

transferring from mechanical to electrochemical energy

Question 75

What determines frequency in the ear?

Answer 75

what part of the cochlea gets vibrated

Question 76

incoherent reflection

Answer 76

when waves can be scattered off the object

Question 77

what can waves do to an object?

Answer 77

pass through be reflected scattered absorbed refracted

Question 78

doubling of frequency = ____________

Answer 78

octave

Question 79

pigments

Answer 79

molecules that differentially absorb and emit wavelengths of visible light

Question 80

what influences color?

Answer 80

molecular structure concentration of pigment tissue in which pigment is found carotenoids melanins

Question 81

carotenoids

Answer 81

come from diet absorb some of the wavelength (typically blues and purples)

Question 82

examples of animals that have carotenoids

Answer 82

orioles house finch flamingos

Question 83

Melanins

Answer 83

absorbs all wavelengths

Question 84

ambient irradiance

Answer 84

spectrum of sunlight, transfer function of air

Question 85

reflected radiance

Answer 85

spectrum modified by senders surface (transfer function)

Question 86

background radiance

Answer 86

spectrum modified by background (noise/contrast)

Question 87

Veiling light radiance

Answer 87

additional noise (reduces contrast)

Question 88

what can affect ambient light?

Answer 88

medium (air/water) vegetation cloud cover sun angle

Question 89

why do red fish tend to live near the surface of the water?

Answer 89

red wavelengths are still there and red wavelengths go first the deeper into the water you go