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Animal Behavior > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

communication

A

any aspect of A’s presence or behavior that influences B

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2
Q

Signaler +
Receiver +

A

Mutualistic

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3
Q

Signaler +
Receiver -

A

Manipulative

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4
Q

Signaler -
Receiver +

A

Altruistic

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5
Q

Signaler -
Receiver -

A

Spiteful

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6
Q

What is a consequence of sending a signal through a channel?

A

Noise

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7
Q

Signal detection theory:
Signal present
Response

A

Hit

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8
Q

Signal detection theory:
Signal present
No response

A

Miss (false negative)

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9
Q

Signal detection theory:
Signal absent
Response

A

False alarm (false positive)

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10
Q

Signal detection theory:
Signal absent
No response

A

Correct rejection

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11
Q

What is 1 on this image

A

Correct rejection

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12
Q

What is 2 on this image

A

Hit

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13
Q

What is 3 on this image

A

Miss

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14
Q

What is 4 on this image

A

False alarm

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15
Q

frequency is the inverse of ______________

A

period

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16
Q

single sound wave = _____________

A

pure tone

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17
Q

sign wave

A

the most basic form of communication signals (every form of communication except chemical)

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18
Q

What is a cost of increasing the amount of information?

A

More expensive (decreases value)

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19
Q

What is a benefit of increasing the amount of information?

A

Reduces error (increases value)

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20
Q

H

A

amount of information transferred (in bits) or amount of uncertainty is reduced

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21
Q

How do you calculate H?

A

log2n –> n = number of equally probable alternatives

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22
Q

arbitrary signal

A

signal “removed” from information (most signals) - no general rules, must know what signal means (either innately or through learning)

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23
Q

iconic signal

A

signal related to, or representing something, about info - general rules establishing information

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24
Q

What is an example of an iconic signal?

A

honeybee dance
onomatopoeia

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25
Q

graded intensity:

A

continuous
potentially convey more information
short distance
linear on graph

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26
Q

Typical intensity:

A

discrete
less subject to misinterpretation
long distance
increases then plateaus on graph

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27
Q

Example of graded intensity

A

facial expressions

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28
Q

example of typical intensity

A

signaling flags on ships

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29
Q

Ritualization

A

complex communication behavior that are originated from other functions

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30
Q

Steps of ritualization

A

Simplification
Exaggeration
Stereotypy
Repetition of signal

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31
Q

example of exaggeration

A

male peacock tail

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31
Q

Example of simplification

A

love birds –> scratching

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32
Q

example of repetition of signal

A

fiddler crab wave + wild turkey mating dance

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33
Q

When does ritualization occur?

A

conflict situations
when it reduces the complexity of a signal

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34
Q

Longitudinal wave

A

particle motion parallel to direction of wave propagation

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35
Q

transverse wave

A

particle motion perpendicular to direction of wave propagation

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36
Q

Velocity = ___________ x ______________

A

frequency
wavelength

37
Q

Sound travels _________ in water vs air because water has a ____________ density than air

A

faster
higher

38
Q

Sound velocity of air (at sea level)

A

340 m/s

39
Q

Near field

A

where energy due to particle displacement is greater than (usually < 1 wavelength)
feel it

40
Q

Example of near field

A

grouse (booming)
speakers (rock concert)

41
Q

Far field

A

where energy due to pressure is greater than (usually > 1 wavelength)

42
Q

Most animals communication using ___________ field

A

far

43
Q

energy is lost more rapidly in __________ field

A

near

44
Q

how do you calculate dB?

A

20 x log10 (P2/P1)

45
Q

Maximum sound production efficiency occurs when source diameter = ___________

A

1 wavelength

46
Q

Why do small animals (insects) struggle to communicate over long distances?

A

typically cannot produce low frequencies (long wavelengths) with much efficiency

47
Q

what are solution to small animals struggling to communicate over long distances?

A

amplify sound by creating an air filled space
prevent acoustic short-circuiting

48
Q

What two groups have achieved sound production?

A

Arthropods
vertebrates

49
Q

What animals have not achieved sound production?

A

most fish
reptiles
any salamanders

50
Q

What are the different mechanisms of sound production?

A

stridulation
tymbal organ
larynx
syrinx
mechanical

51
Q

what organisms use stridulation sound production?

A

crickets, katydids, grasshoppers

52
Q

what organisms use a tymbal organ sound production?

A

cicadas

53
Q

what organisms use a larynx for sound production?

A

mammals (vocal chords after glottis)
frogs (vocal chords before glottis)

54
Q

what organisms use a syrinx for sound production?

A

birds
can produce two sounds at once because of two tympanic membranes and two bronchus

55
Q

what organisms use mechanical for sound production?

A

woodpeckers

56
Q

What are different ways attenuation occurs?

A

spherical spreading
atmospheric absorption
scattering
boundary interference

57
Q

attenuation

A

decrease in intensity (loses energy)

58
Q

degradation

A

change in signal structure

59
Q

atmospheric absorption

A

energy absorbed by air molecules

60
Q

boundary interference

A

interference (cancellation) between direct and reflected waves from ground

61
Q

reverberation

A

multiple reflections of sound

62
Q

amplitude fluctuation

A

due to passage through turbulence
example: talking when windy

63
Q

what are the two ways sound experiences degradation?

A

reverberation
amplitude fluctuation

64
Q

What are closed transmission strategies?

A

sound window in forests between 1-2.5 kHz (loses energy above or below)
tonal signals - improve S/N for long range (pure tones_

65
Q

What is an open transmission strategy?

A

redundant AM signals

66
Q

What is both an open and closed transmission strategy?

A

avoidance of background noise
temporal
spectral

67
Q

What animals use particle-displacement detectors?

A

lateral line of fish

68
Q

What animals use open-tube pressure detectors?

A

insects + frogs

69
Q

What animals use closed-cavity pressure detectors?

A

birds + mammals

70
Q

what two ear types detect near field?

A

particle-displacement detector
open-tube pressure detector

71
Q

What does the outer ear do in vertebrates?

A

collects + channels sound

72
Q

What does the middle ear do in vertebrates?

A

amplifies sound

73
Q

What does the inner ear do in vertebrates?

A

transduces sound

74
Q

what does transducing sound mean?

A

transferring from mechanical to electrochemical energy

75
Q

What determines frequency in the ear?

A

what part of the cochlea gets vibrated

76
Q

incoherent reflection

A

when waves can be scattered off the object

77
Q

what can waves do to an object?

A

pass through
be reflected
scattered
absorbed
refracted

78
Q

doubling of frequency = ____________

A

octave

79
Q

pigments

A

molecules that differentially absorb and emit wavelengths of visible light

80
Q

what influences color?

A

molecular structure
concentration of pigment
tissue in which pigment is found
carotenoids
melanins

81
Q

carotenoids

A

come from diet
absorb some of the wavelength (typically blues and purples)

82
Q

examples of animals that have carotenoids

A

orioles
house finch
flamingos

83
Q

Melanins

A

absorbs all wavelengths

84
Q

ambient irradiance

A

spectrum of sunlight, transfer function of air

85
Q

reflected radiance

A

spectrum modified by senders surface (transfer function)

86
Q

background radiance

A

spectrum modified by background (noise/contrast)

87
Q

Veiling light radiance

A

additional noise (reduces contrast)

88
Q

what can affect ambient light?

A

medium (air/water)
vegetation
cloud cover
sun angle

89
Q

why do red fish tend to live near the surface of the water?

A

red wavelengths are still there and red wavelengths go first the deeper into the water you go

90
Q
A

Animal Behavior (2 decks)

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