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Animal Behavior > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is V.C. Wynne Edwards known for?

A

Group selection

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2
Q

What is Niko Tinbergen know for?

A

Nesting digger wasps
Four questions about behavior
Developed hierarchical scheme for studying behavior

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3
Q

What is B.F. Skinner known for?

A

Operant Conditioning

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4
Q

What is Karl von Frisch known for?

A

UV light perception in bees
Decoded the dance language of honeybees
Developed the idea of sensory worlds

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5
Q

What is a fixed action pattern?

A

a behavior that, once initiated, goes to completion

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6
Q

What is sexual imprinting?

A

A form of learned mate preference for a trait that an individual has observed in its population

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7
Q

What are ultimate questions?

A

Why questions

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8
Q

What are Proximate questions

A

How questions

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9
Q

What type of scientists use Ultimate questions?

A

Behavioral ecology + Sociobiology

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10
Q

What type of scientists use proximate questions?

A

Ethology + Comparative Psychology

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11
Q

What does estrous mean?

A

physiological period with no blood

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12
Q

What does estrus mean?

A

sexually responsive + willing to mate with a male

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13
Q

Tim Caro was able to show that stotting in gazelles is most likely explained by the:

A

Advertisement of unprofitability hypothesis

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14
Q

What is an ethogram?

A

simple description of everything (list)

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15
Q

What is the most basic form of observation?

A

Ethogram

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16
Q

What is scan sampling?

A

taking a group of organisms and every five minutes write what all the subjects did and repeat

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17
Q

What is focal animal sampling?

A

following one animal in particular

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18
Q

Evolution must occur if the environment has all three of these things:

A

Variation
Heredity
Differential reproduction

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19
Q

Evolution is _____________, not linear

A

branching

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20
Q

differential reproduction may be the consequence of:

A

Male/male competition
female choice
natural selection

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21
Q

What is Lorenz known for?

A

Fixed action patterns
Releasers
Innate Releasing mechanism (IRM)
“imprinting” in geese

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22
Q

What is a releaser?

A

“sign” stimulus used in communication

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23
Q

What is an internal releasing mechanism? (IRM)?

A

internal “mechanism” for initiating behavior

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24
Q

What was comparative psychologists emphasis?

A

Learned behavior observed in laboratory

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25
Q

What was E.L. Thorndike known for?

A

Developed trial and error learning

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26
Q

What is the law of effect?

A

rewarded behavior will be repeated

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27
Q

What was Pavlov known for?

A

Classical conditioning

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28
Q

Behavior is neither entirely _____________ or entirely _______________ its a mixture of both

A

learned
innate

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29
Q

Phenotypes can be influenced by

A

genotype and environment

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30
Q

What is the purpose of R. Dawkins cake analogy?

A

A small difference in a cake recipe is not the sole reason a cake ends up tasting bad. However, a small difference in a recipe for DNA can produce important differences in expression of the behavior

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31
Q

How do we determine if the genes or the environment is influencing behavior?

A

Can “fix” environment in laboratory (identical lab conditions)
Can “fix” genotype by using twin studies or Inbreeding

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32
Q

Genetics can influence ______________ but ____________ can influence the expression of the gene but not the ___________________

A

behavior
behavior
genetic make up

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33
Q

What is an immediate early gene?

A

a gene that codes for proteins that control the expression of other genes

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34
Q

Experiments to test for the effects of genotype on behavior:

A

Inbreeding
Hybridization
Artificial selection
Genetic transformation

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35
Q

What is Inbreeding?

A
  • Experiment that minimizes genetic diversity by creating genetically identical individuals
  • Any difference in behavior in different environments are due to environmental effects (not genetic)
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36
Q

What is hybridization?

A
  • When the behavior of the individual depends on the # of genes shared between parent and offspring
  • Small number of genes = intermediate or like one parent
  • Large number of genes = behavior likely to be intermediate
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37
Q

____________ produces change the quickest

A

Artificial Selection

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38
Q

What type of selection created the fastest level of speciation?

A

Disruptive selection –> has a bimodal distribution

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39
Q

What is an example of Artificial Selection?

A

Canary’s being breaded to sing a lower frequency of songs.

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40
Q

What are knockout genes?

A

genes that produce mutants that are homozygous for inactive genes

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41
Q

What is a genetic mosaic?

A

an organism with more than one genome (results from gene transfer)

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42
Q

Mice with an inactive fosB gene fail to:

A

Nurture offspring appropriately

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43
Q

no ___________ are gynandromorphs because of _____________

A

mammals
hormones

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44
Q

What determines how gynandromorph flies turn out?

A

Depends on cell division and early cell embryo division

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45
Q

What is a polygenic trait?

A

several genes that produce one effect

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46
Q

What is a pleiotropic trait?

A

one gene that produces several effects

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47
Q

Phenotypic distribution will be continuous if:

A
  1. alleles at each locus and different loci influence a trait by adding small increments
  2. Three or more loci contribute to the phenotype
  3. net environmental effect = 0
48
Q

What is an example of a pleiotropic trait?

A

Yellow mutant in fruit flies (single gene on X chromosome)

49
Q

What is an example of a two gene trait?

A

honeybee “hygiene –> workers cleaning hive of dead larvae

50
Q

What is an example of a single cell trait?

A

fosB gene in mice
per gene in fruit flies

51
Q

What is a hormone?

A

substances secreted in one part of the body that cause changes in other parts of the body

52
Q

What are interventional methods of studying hormone-behavior relationships?

A
  1. Removal of endocrine gland
  2. Hormone replacement therapy
  3. Excess hormone provision
  4. Using Agonist/Antagonists
  5. Blood transfusions
  6. Genetic knockouts
53
Q

What are correlation methods of studying hormone-behavior relationships?

A
  1. Bioassays
  2. Radioimmunoassay (RIA)/enzymne-linked immunoasorbment assays (ELISA)
  3. Audoradiography
54
Q

What is an example of Bioassay?

A

Taking pictures of birds that have a yellow bill and the brightness of males bill correlates to how much testosterone the bird has

55
Q

What are the major types of hormones?

A

Peptide
Steroid
Monoamine

56
Q

___________ hormones have a short half life and act quickly

A

Peptide

57
Q

___________ hormones have a long half life and act slowly

A

Steroid

58
Q

What is an organizational effect?

A

hormonal influences during early development

59
Q

Organizational effects are ___________

A

Permanent

60
Q

What are activation effects?

A

hormonal influences later in life

61
Q

What does transient mean?

A

Only happen when hormones are present and are not active if hormones are not present.

62
Q

Activation effects are ________________

A

Transient

63
Q

You need ______________ and ______________ in order for behavior to occur

A

Organizational effect
Activation effect

64
Q

What are the three patterns of hormonal interaction with the environment?

A

Associated
Dissociated
Constant

65
Q

Inside of the cell is ____________ charged

A

negatively

66
Q

Disturbing the membrane leads to ___________

A

depolarization

67
Q

What does a small depolarization equate to?

A

graded potential

68
Q

What does a large depolarization equate to?

A

action potential

69
Q

Action potential is a _______________ event

A

all or nothing

70
Q

How do invertebrates reduce resistance to action potential?

A

increasing the diameter

71
Q

How do vertebrates reduce resistance to action potential?

A

myelin sheaths > causes impulse to jump along axon

72
Q

What are synapses?

A

junctions between nerve cells

73
Q

What are the characteristics of electrical nerve cell transfer?

A

direct physical contact
bidirectional (can go both ways)

74
Q

What are the characteristics of chemical nerve cell transfer?

A

no direct physical contact
unidirectional
diffuses neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft and neurotransmitters bind to a receptor

75
Q

What is an afferent pathway?

A

coming in > ascended towards the CNS (usually sensory)

76
Q

What is an efferent pathway?

A

going out > descending away from the CNS (usually motor)

77
Q

What are the parts of the vertebrate brain anatomy?

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

78
Q

What are the different types of sensory receptors?

A

Chemoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Electroreceptors
Thermoreceptors

79
Q

Electroreceptors are mostly found in _______________

A

aquatic animals

80
Q

What is a receptive field?

A

totality of inputs a field gets from its sensory cells

81
Q

What are the two types of response patterns?

A

Tonic
Phasic

82
Q

__________ response pattern is continuous activity

A

Tonic

83
Q

___________ response pattern responds to change in stimulus

A

Phasic

84
Q

What is features extraction?

A

pulling out a piece of information that isn’t there in the original stimulus

85
Q

What are the three ways the nervous system encodes information?

A

Intensity (population) code
Place code
Frequency code

86
Q

What is an intensity (population) code?

A

number of cells excited (proportional to strength of stimulus)

87
Q

What is a place code?

A

where on the receptor field you excite

88
Q

What is frequency code?

A

rate of spikes proportional to strength of stimulus

89
Q

What are the causes of behavioral change during development?

A

development of the nervous system
hormonal development
changes in non-neural morphology
play behavior

90
Q

What is an example of play behavior?

A

young rams charging in a playful manner vs mature rams charging in an aggressive manner

91
Q

What are the functions of song?

A

territory defense
mate attraction
physiological?

92
Q

in temperate environments __________ birds sing

A

male

93
Q

in tropical environments __________ birds sing

A

male and female

94
Q

What are two examples of birds that have complex calls?

A

Chickadees
owls

95
Q

Calls are _________

A

simple

96
Q

Songs are _________

A

complex

97
Q

Why is song learning important?

A

-Mechanism for transmission of complex information
- allows social adaptation
- allows genetic adaptation
- allows adaptation to the habitat

98
Q

Female birds are _________

A

hetereogametic (ZW)

99
Q

Male birds are _______

A

homogametic (ZZ)

100
Q

birds have to produce ___________ in body to respond to stimulus in the environment

A

testosterone

101
Q

What is the sensitive phase in birds?

A

The early period in life during which song is memorized

102
Q

What does bird song development depend on?

A

species
individual
method of sound presentation
hormone levels

103
Q

live tutors for song learning ____________ sensitive phase vs a recording in a lab

A

extends

104
Q

What is the sensorimotor (motor) phase in birds?

A

period during which bird begins to produce song
occurs immediately after sensitive phase

105
Q

What are the three stages of motor production in birds?

A

subsong
plastic song
crystallized song

106
Q

What is the subsong in birds?

A

soft, unstructured, and random

107
Q

What is the plastic song in birds?

A

correct elements of a song but still somewhat unstructured

108
Q

What is the crystallized song in birds?

A

final adult song

109
Q

What happens to the bird song when the bird is isolated from the environment?

A

song is abnormal

110
Q

What happens to the bird song when the bird is deafened after “crystallization” song?

A

there is no noticeable effect on song

111
Q

What happens to the bird song when the bird is deafened after sensitive phase but before motor phase?

A

songs have some species-like elements or patters

112
Q

What happens to the bird song when the bird is deafened before sensitive phase?

A

nothing appropriate

113
Q

What are Niko Tinbergen’s four questions about behavior?

A

Causation
Development
Evolution
Function

114
Q

What is a matched filter?

A

another type of feature extraction

115
Q

What is age polytheism?

A

many behaviors over many ages

116
Q

What are examples of an innate behavior?

A

Classical ethological behaviors
Mate recognition signals
Predator avoidance behavior

117
Q

What is habituation?

A

learning not to show a characteristic response

Animal Behavior (2 decks)

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