Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is V.C. Wynne Edwards known for?
A
Group selection
2
Q
What is Niko Tinbergen know for?
A
Nesting digger wasps
Four questions about behavior
Developed hierarchical scheme for studying behavior
3
Q
What is B.F. Skinner known for?
A
Operant Conditioning
4
Q
What is Karl von Frisch known for?
A
UV light perception in bees
Decoded the dance language of honeybees
Developed the idea of sensory worlds
5
Q
What is a fixed action pattern?
A
a behavior that, once initiated, goes to completion
6
Q
What is sexual imprinting?
A
A form of learned mate preference for a trait that an individual has observed in its population
7
Q
What are ultimate questions?
A
Why questions
8
Q
What are Proximate questions
A
How questions
9
Q
What type of scientists use Ultimate questions?
A
Behavioral ecology + Sociobiology
10
Q
What type of scientists use proximate questions?
A
Ethology + Comparative Psychology
11
Q
What does estrous mean?
A
physiological period with no blood
12
Q
What does estrus mean?
A
sexually responsive + willing to mate with a male
13
Q
Tim Caro was able to show that stotting in gazelles is most likely explained by the:
A
Advertisement of unprofitability hypothesis
14
Q
What is an ethogram?
A
simple description of everything (list)
15
Q
What is the most basic form of observation?
A
Ethogram
16
Q
What is scan sampling?
A
taking a group of organisms and every five minutes write what all the subjects did and repeat
17
Q
What is focal animal sampling?
A
following one animal in particular
18
Q
Evolution must occur if the environment has all three of these things:
A
Variation
Heredity
Differential reproduction
19
Q
Evolution is _____________, not linear
A
branching
20
Q
differential reproduction may be the consequence of:
A
Male/male competition
female choice
natural selection
21
Q
What is Lorenz known for?
A
Fixed action patterns
Releasers
Innate Releasing mechanism (IRM)
“imprinting” in geese
22
Q
What is a releaser?
A
“sign” stimulus used in communication
23
Q
What is an internal releasing mechanism? (IRM)?
A
internal “mechanism” for initiating behavior
24
Q
What was comparative psychologists emphasis?
A
Learned behavior observed in laboratory
25
What was E.L. Thorndike known for?
Developed trial and error learning
26
What is the law of effect?
rewarded behavior will be repeated
27
What was Pavlov known for?
Classical conditioning
28
Behavior is neither entirely _____________ or entirely _______________ its a mixture of both
learned
innate
29
Phenotypes can be influenced by
genotype and environment
30
What is the purpose of R. Dawkins cake analogy?
A small difference in a cake recipe is not the sole reason a cake ends up tasting bad. However, a small difference in a recipe for DNA can produce important differences in expression of the behavior
31
How do we determine if the genes or the environment is influencing behavior?
Can "fix" environment in laboratory (identical lab conditions)
Can "fix" genotype by using twin studies or Inbreeding
32
Genetics can influence ______________ but ____________ can influence the expression of the gene but not the ___________________
behavior
behavior
genetic make up
33
What is an immediate early gene?
a gene that codes for proteins that control the expression of other genes
34
Experiments to test for the effects of genotype on behavior:
Inbreeding
Hybridization
Artificial selection
Genetic transformation
35
What is Inbreeding?
- Experiment that minimizes genetic diversity by creating genetically identical individuals
- Any difference in behavior in different environments are due to environmental effects (not genetic)
36
What is hybridization?
- When the behavior of the individual depends on the # of genes shared between parent and offspring
- Small number of genes = intermediate or like one parent
- Large number of genes = behavior likely to be intermediate
37
____________ produces change the quickest
Artificial Selection
38
What type of selection created the fastest level of speciation?
Disruptive selection --> has a bimodal distribution
39
What is an example of Artificial Selection?
Canary's being breaded to sing a lower frequency of songs.
40
What are knockout genes?
genes that produce mutants that are homozygous for inactive genes
41
What is a genetic mosaic?
an organism with more than one genome (results from gene transfer)
42
Mice with an inactive fosB gene fail to:
Nurture offspring appropriately
43
no ___________ are gynandromorphs because of _____________
mammals
hormones
44
What determines how gynandromorph flies turn out?
Depends on cell division and early cell embryo division
45
What is a polygenic trait?
several genes that produce one effect
46
What is a pleiotropic trait?
one gene that produces several effects
47
Phenotypic distribution will be continuous if:
1. alleles at each locus and different loci influence a trait by adding small increments
2. Three or more loci contribute to the phenotype
3. net environmental effect = 0
48
What is an example of a pleiotropic trait?
Yellow mutant in fruit flies (single gene on X chromosome)
49
What is an example of a two gene trait?
honeybee "hygiene --> workers cleaning hive of dead larvae
50
What is an example of a single cell trait?
fosB gene in mice
per gene in fruit flies
51
What is a hormone?
substances secreted in one part of the body that cause changes in other parts of the body
52
What are interventional methods of studying hormone-behavior relationships?
1. Removal of endocrine gland
2. Hormone replacement therapy
3. Excess hormone provision
4. Using Agonist/Antagonists
5. Blood transfusions
6. Genetic knockouts
53
What are correlation methods of studying hormone-behavior relationships?
1. Bioassays
2. Radioimmunoassay (RIA)/enzymne-linked immunoasorbment assays (ELISA)
3. Audoradiography
54
What is an example of Bioassay?
Taking pictures of birds that have a yellow bill and the brightness of males bill correlates to how much testosterone the bird has
55
What are the major types of hormones?
Peptide
Steroid
Monoamine
56
___________ hormones have a short half life and act quickly
Peptide
57
___________ hormones have a long half life and act slowly
Steroid
58
What is an organizational effect?
hormonal influences during early development
59
Organizational effects are ___________
Permanent
60
What are activation effects?
hormonal influences later in life
61
What does transient mean?
Only happen when hormones are present and are not active if hormones are not present.
62
Activation effects are ________________
Transient
63
You need ______________ and ______________ in order for behavior to occur
Organizational effect
Activation effect
64
What are the three patterns of hormonal interaction with the environment?
Associated
Dissociated
Constant
65
Inside of the cell is ____________ charged
negatively
66
Disturbing the membrane leads to ___________
depolarization
67
What does a small depolarization equate to?
graded potential
68
What does a large depolarization equate to?
action potential
69
Action potential is a _______________ event
all or nothing
70
How do invertebrates reduce resistance to action potential?
increasing the diameter
71
How do vertebrates reduce resistance to action potential?
myelin sheaths > causes impulse to jump along axon
72
What are synapses?
junctions between nerve cells
73
What are the characteristics of electrical nerve cell transfer?
direct physical contact
bidirectional (can go both ways)
74
What are the characteristics of chemical nerve cell transfer?
no direct physical contact
unidirectional
diffuses neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft and neurotransmitters bind to a receptor
75
What is an afferent pathway?
coming in > ascended towards the CNS (usually sensory)
76
What is an efferent pathway?
going out > descending away from the CNS (usually motor)
77
What are the parts of the vertebrate brain anatomy?
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
78
What are the different types of sensory receptors?
Chemoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Electroreceptors
Thermoreceptors
79
Electroreceptors are mostly found in _______________
aquatic animals
80
What is a receptive field?
totality of inputs a field gets from its sensory cells
81
What are the two types of response patterns?
Tonic
Phasic
82
__________ response pattern is continuous activity
Tonic
83
___________ response pattern responds to change in stimulus
Phasic
84
What is features extraction?
pulling out a piece of information that isn't there in the original stimulus
85
What are the three ways the nervous system encodes information?
Intensity (population) code
Place code
Frequency code
86
What is an intensity (population) code?
number of cells excited (proportional to strength of stimulus)
87
What is a place code?
where on the receptor field you excite
88
What is frequency code?
rate of spikes proportional to strength of stimulus
89
What are the causes of behavioral change during development?
development of the nervous system
hormonal development
changes in non-neural morphology
play behavior
90
What is an example of play behavior?
young rams charging in a playful manner vs mature rams charging in an aggressive manner
91
What are the functions of song?
territory defense
mate attraction
physiological?
92
in temperate environments __________ birds sing
male
93
in tropical environments __________ birds sing
male and female
94
What are two examples of birds that have complex calls?
Chickadees
owls
95
Calls are _________
simple
96
Songs are _________
complex
97
Why is song learning important?
-Mechanism for transmission of complex information
- allows social adaptation
- allows genetic adaptation
- allows adaptation to the habitat
98
Female birds are _________
hetereogametic (ZW)
99
Male birds are _______
homogametic (ZZ)
100
birds have to produce ___________ in body to respond to stimulus in the environment
testosterone
101
What is the sensitive phase in birds?
The early period in life during which song is memorized
102
What does bird song development depend on?
species
individual
method of sound presentation
hormone levels
103
live tutors for song learning ____________ sensitive phase vs a recording in a lab
extends
104
What is the sensorimotor (motor) phase in birds?
period during which bird begins to produce song
occurs immediately after sensitive phase
105
What are the three stages of motor production in birds?
subsong
plastic song
crystallized song
106
What is the subsong in birds?
soft, unstructured, and random
107
What is the plastic song in birds?
correct elements of a song but still somewhat unstructured
108
What is the crystallized song in birds?
final adult song
109
What happens to the bird song when the bird is isolated from the environment?
song is abnormal
110
What happens to the bird song when the bird is deafened after "crystallization" song?
there is no noticeable effect on song
111
What happens to the bird song when the bird is deafened after sensitive phase but before motor phase?
songs have some species-like elements or patters
112
What happens to the bird song when the bird is deafened before sensitive phase?
nothing appropriate
113
What are Niko Tinbergen's four questions about behavior?
Causation
Development
Evolution
Function
114
What is a matched filter?
another type of feature extraction
115
What is age polytheism?
many behaviors over many ages
116
What are examples of an innate behavior?
Classical ethological behaviors
Mate recognition signals
Predator avoidance behavior
117
What is habituation?
learning not to show a characteristic response
