Exam 2 Flashcards
The Paleozoic had three major mass extinction events. Select all of the periods/times below at which a Paleozoic mass extinction event occurred.
Late/end Devonian
End-Permian
End-Ordovician
Earliest vertebrate fossil appears in the fossil record during which Paleozoic period?
Cambrian
What profound change during Carboniferous caused to terrestrial tetrapod communities at the end of the Carboniferous period to change from consisting of mostly small terrestrial tetrapods (<2m size) to shift to communities with many large terrestrial tetrapod carnivores and herbivores?
The appearance of the first seeded vascular plants (gymnosperms) which were able to spread further into drier and upland terrestrial habitats (leading to the evolution of the first herbivorous tetrapods).
What type of scales do Chondrichthyans have?
placoid
Which of the following characteristics are synapomorphies of Acanthodians? Select all that apply!
-dermal bones in skull
-partially ossified internal skeletons
-many denticles covering body (similar to placoid scales)
-heterocercal caudal fin
-completely unossified internal skeletons
-homocercal caudal fin
-protocercal caudal fin
-Dermal bones in skull
-Partially ossified internal skeletons
-Many denticles covering body (similar to placoid scales)
-heterocercal caudal fin
Which of the following statements describes the Splanchnocranium (=visceral skeleton) best?
-Underlies and supports the brain (forms the base of the skull)
-Forms the outer casing of the skull (e.g., roof portion of skull)
-Most ancient skull portion, present in Cyclostomata and arose to support gills slits on protochordates (e.g. Amphioxus)
-Most ancient skull portion, present in Cyclostomata and arose to support gills slits on protochordates (e.g. Amphioxus)
Place the sensory receptors in order of importance for elasmobranch predatory orientation. Number 1 below represents the receptors that tends to be the first type of sensory information elasmobranches pick up that indicates that there is a prey present, while number 4 is the sensory information sharks can use when they are closest to their prey.
Chemoreception, Mechanoreceptors, Visual (light receptors), Electroreceptors
Which of the following statements describes the Chondrocranium best?
-Most ancient skull portion, present in Cyclostomata and arose to support gills slits on protochordates (e.g. Amphioxus)
-Forms the outer casing of the skull (e.g., roof portion of skull)
-Underlies and supports the brain (forms the base of the skull)
Underlies and supports the brain (forms the base of the skull)
How many extant Sarcopterygian species are there?
8
Match the taxonomic groups of osteichthyes with their synapomorphies
Sarctopterygii
Actinoterygi
Teleostei
Neoptergii
Acanthopterygii
a. Opercular bone, lepidotrichia, endochondroal bone, lung ventral to gut
b. abbreviated heterocerecal caudual fin, reduction of basals in paired fin, mobile maxilla
c. stiff bony fin spines in dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins ctenoid scales, lost the pneumatic duct
d. cosmine, intracranial joint
e. homocercal caudal fin, mobile premaxilla, elasmoid scales
D, A, E, B, C
Match the type of swimming movement with the correct description
Anguilliform
Ostraciiform
Carangiform
undulation
oscillation
a. high degree of oscillation
b. most movement found in caudal peduncle can caudal fin
c. body makes wide side to side movements using mostly body wall muscles
d. part undulation part oscillation
e. high degree of undulation
E, A, D, C, B
Osteichthyans are said to have in general _________ fins (similar to Chondrichthyes), due to having three basals, the metapterygium, mesopterygium, and proptergyium. However, in Actinopterygians the basals are lost, while in Sarcopterygians there is only one single basal bone, the _________ . Sarcopterygians therefore are described as having ________ fins.
tribasic, metapterygium, monobasic
List the four chambers of the heart that are found in all vertebrates.
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
_______ is an important transitional fossil, since it is an intermediate between fish-like characters and tetrapod-like characters. It is a great transitional fossil to help us understand how the more ‘fish-like tetrapods’ evolved into the more “typical” tetrapods.
Tiktaalik
Which of the following are all adaptations or changes that are found in tetrapods as compared to fish to allow locomotion on land? Select ALL that apply
-enlargement of pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle
-hypaxial muscles modified to restist increased tortion
-hypaxial and epaxial muscles main muscles for locomotion
-more extensive paired appendages’ musculature to support body
-humerus and femur project out horizontally
-enlargement of ribs
-undulating body movements
-enlargement of pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle
-hypaxial muscles modified to restist increased tortion
-more extensive paired appendages’ musculature to support body
-enlargement of ribs
For tetrapods to be able to support their weight on land as well as to prevent their lungs from collapsing, they need a sturdy _______________
ribcase
Name the protein that is the most common protein found in animals and makes up over 90% of the body’s protein in weight:
Collagen
Is Noggin an activator or suppressor of BMP-4?
Supressor
Which of the the molecule below makes tissues strong when compressed, and less strong if twisted or bent?
enamel
proteoglycan
calcium carbonate
collagen
hydroxyapatite
Hydroxyapatite
The three main mechanisms that cells have to have to be able to form bodies, are
1- the ability to _______which each other,
2- the ability to ________ together (i.e., forming molecular rivets), and
3- the ability to make new molecules that make organs distinct.
Communicate, adhere
Match the following tissues with the molecules’ description/condition that is found within that particular tissue. (hint: from YIF, Ch.7, description of ratios among materials)
teeth
bone
cartilage
a. higher in collagen than hydroxyapatite
b. lots of hydroxyapatite, little collagen
c. very high collagen, no hydroxyapatite, lots of proteoglycans
B, A, C
Which of the the molecule below makes tissues strong when pulled but weak when pushed together?
Collagen
Which of the following statements describes the Splanchnocranium (=visceral skeleton) best?
-Underlies and supports the brain (forms the base of the skull)
-Most ancient skull portion, present in Cyclostomata and arose to support gills slits on protochordates (e.g. Amphioxus)
-Forms the outer casing of the skull (e.g., roof portion of skull)
Most ancient skull portion, present in Cyclostomata and arose to support gills slits on protochordates (e.g. Amphioxus)
Match the clade with the correct description.
Neoselachii
Galeomorphi
Squalomorpha
Batomorphi
Holocephali
a. have an operculum, includes ratfish
b. have anal fins, includes the hammerhead shark
c. without anal fins, includes the dogfish shark and many deep sea sharks
d. contains all elasmobraches (sharks,rays, sawfish)
e. includes skates, rays and sawfishes
D, B, C, E, A
Chondrichthyes had 3 major evolutionary radiations.
Silurian, Carboniferous, Triassic
Which of the following is NOT true for the Tetrapodomorpha?
- appear in the early Devonian
-includes the genus Eusthenopteron (and Tiktaalik)
- includes the genus Acanthostega
- They have a choana
- they have a one bone-two-bone pattern in paired fins
includes the genus Acanthostega
Actinopterygii have fins that are controlled by ______ , and therefore they typically can only perform two actions, flexion of the fin, and ______ of the fin.
controlled by muscles in the body wall
extension
In viviparous fish in which embryos depend on receiving nutrients from the mother directly mother are termed
matrotrophic
Typically transitional tetrapod fossils have ______ wheras modern tetrapods who typically have _______ on the front and hind limbs (with some exceptions).
more than 5, 5
Which of the below statements is a description of the crown group definition of Tetrapoda?
-used only for lissamphibians and amniotes
-used for any sarcopterygian that has four feet
used only for lissamphibians and amniotes
With the separation of the head from the neck, several new vertebral regions evolved in tetrapods, the first one can be found between the head and pectoral girdle are the _______ , while the vertebrae that connect the pelvic girdle to the vertebral column are the _______, and later on tetrapods such as Ichthyostega the trunk vertebrae became further separated into thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.
neck, sacral
Which of the following are all adaptations or changes that are found in tetrapods as compared to fish to allow locomotion on land? Select ALL that apply
- undulating body movements
-enlargement of pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle
- humerus and femur proejct out horizontally
-hypaxial and epaxial muscles main muscles for locomotion
- enlargement of ribs
-more extensive paired appendages’ musculature to support body
- hypaxial muscles modified to restist increased tortion
-enlargement of pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle
- enlargement of ribs
-more extensive paired appendages’ musculature to support body
- hypaxial muscles modified to restist increased tortion
Which genes below are involved in the development of limb bones of tetrapods as well as fin bones of Sarcopterygians? Select all that apply
alx4
Noggin
Pax
BMP-4
hoxd13
alx4
hoxd13
Which of the following THREE statements below are true about the action and interaction of Noggin and BMP-4.
Select ALL that apply
-BMP-4 blocks the neural ectoderm from folding, resulting in the formation of the ventral region
-Noggin activates the expression of BMP-4, resulting in the formation of the dorsal region
-Noggin is mainly active in the ZPA region of the developing embryo
-BMP-4 suppresses the expression of Noggin which results in the formation of the ventral region
-Noggin is active in the organizer region of the developing embryo
-Noggin suppresses the expression of BMP-4, which results in the formation of the dorsal region
-BMP-4 blocks the neural ectoderm from folding, resulting in the formation of the ventral region
-Noggin is active in the organizer region of the developing embryo
-Noggin suppresses the expression of BMP-4, which results in the formation of the dorsal region
Protocercal
Caudal fin extends around the vertebral column
Heterocercal
*Tail is asymmetrical
* Generally vertebrae extend into one lobe or the other
* Epicercal – upper lobe is longer
* Hypocercal – lower lobe is longer
Homocercal
- Vertebrae do not extend into lobes
- Fin is more or less symmetrical
Diphycercal
- Tri-lobular tail where vertebrae extend to end of tail
- Sarcopterygians
Placoid (dermal denticles)
- Tooth-like (dentine covered with enamel)
- Derived from both epidermis and dermis
- found in Elasmobranchs (homologous to vertebrate teeth)
Cosmoid
- Dentine-like material (cosmine) covered in keratin
- Found in Sarcopterygians, like Coelacanths (modified version)
- Found in the extinct group of placoderms and ostracoderm
Which kinds of scales are dermal scales?
Ganoid, cycloid, ctenoid
Ganoid
- Flat, rhomboid shaped, basal-looking scales with little overlapping, covered in layer of
dentine and ganoine (inorganic bone salt) → found in primitive actinopterygians: sturgeons,
paddlefish, gars, bowfin.
Cycloid
- Small oval-shaped scales with growth rings (age can be determined), like with salmon, carp,
herrings, minnows, trout, lungfishes – found in most bony fish
Ctenoid
- Similar to cycloid, possess spines that cover one edge, contain hydroxyapatite and calcium
carbonate → perch, flounder, sunfish
What are dermal scales?
- thin bony scales within the dermis covered with epidermis)
- most common type found in teleost fish today
- do not pierce through the epidermis like placoid scales
- glands within epidermis produce mucus
What are Epidermal scales?
- Typically, no bony support, no significant contribution from dermis
- Continuous folded epidermal layer with flexible hinges
- Cornified layer typically shed in large sections or one complete section
(snakes) - Bony outer layers (scutes) formed from osteoderms of the dermis → e.g.,
turtles, crocodilians
Splanchnocranium
most ancient (arose to support gill slits in protochordates), e.g.
Amphioxus has it
Chondrocranium
underlines and supports the brain
Dermatocranium
outer casing of the skull
Paleostylic:
none of arches are attached to the skull
Autostylic:
early jaw condition, mandibular arch attached (no help from hyoid arch)
Amphistylic:
jaw attached by two articulations (early elasmobranchs):
palatoquadrate and hyomandibula both attached to chondrocranium
Holostylic:
upper jaw (palatoquadrate) fused to chondrocranium (holocephalans),
hyoid arch not attached to chondrocranium – form of autostylic
