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Vertebrate Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What two parts are apart of Binomial Nomenclature?

A

Genus species

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2
Q

What is a root?

A

the most common ancestor of all the taxa in the tree

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3
Q

What are nodes?

A

A branching point from the ancestral population

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4
Q

What is terminal taxon?

A

A clade, species, or lineage that appears at the tip of a phylogenetic tree

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5
Q

What is a classification bracket?

A

it is used to infer the likelihood of unknown traits in organisms based on their position in a phylogenetic tree

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6
Q

What is an outgroup?

A

a more distantly related group of organisms

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7
Q

What is an ingroup?

A

The group of taxa being analyzed

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8
Q

What is a clade?

A

A group of organisms with a common ancestor

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9
Q

What is it called when a group of organisms descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group, especially one not shared with any other group?

A

Monophyletic

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10
Q

Structures, behaviors, and molecules that are similar (while also differing in appearance and function) because the are derived from a common ancestor

A

Homologous

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11
Q

A trait shared by two or more taxa

A

Synapomorphies

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12
Q

What is a derived trait called?

A

Apomorphy

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13
Q

What is an ancestral character state for a particular clade?

A

Plesiomorphy

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14
Q

What are the Eons?

A

Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, Phanerozoic

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15
Q

What are the Eras in the Phanerozoic Eon?

A

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

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16
Q

What are the Periods in the Cenozoic Era?

A

Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleogene, Neogene, Quaternary

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17
Q

How long ago did Chordates appear?

A

540 mya

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18
Q

What Period did chordates appear?

A

Cambrian

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19
Q

How long ago did vertebrates appear?

A

535 mya

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20
Q

What period did vertebrates appear?

A

Cambrian

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21
Q

When did jawed vertebrates appear?

A

420 mya

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22
Q

What period did jawed vertebrates appear?

A

Silurian

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23
Q

When did tetrapods appear?

A

365 mya

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24
Q

What period did tetrapods appear?

A

Devonian

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25
Q

When did amniotes appear?

A

318 mya

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26
Q

What period did amniotes appear?

A

Carboniferous

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27
Q

Chordates evolved within _____

A

Deuterostomes

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28
Q

What are the 3 taxa of chordates?

A

Cephalochordata, Urochordata, Vertebrata

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29
Q

What are the differences between vetebrates and chordates?

A
  1. vertebrates have an endoskeleton
  2. Vetebrates can be terrestrial or aquatic animals
  3. Most vetebrates use jaws for feeding, the others are suspension feeders
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30
Q

What are the four fundamental chordate characteristics? (synapomorphies)?

A
  1. Notochord
  2. Dorsal, hollow, single nerve cord/neural tube
  3. Muscular post-anal tail
  4. Endostyle (or Thyroid Gland)
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31
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A

Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm

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32
Q

What does the neural tube develop into?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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33
Q

Why is it so important that the notochord is not collapsible in length?

A

It allows for lateral flexion and prevents the body from collapsing during locomotion

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34
Q

What is the only adult remnant of the notochord in mammals?

A

nucleus pulposus of the invertebral discs

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35
Q

What germ layer does the dorsal hollow nerve cord develop from?

A

embryonic ectoderm

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35
Q

What germ layer does the notocord develop from?

A

Mesoderm

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36
Q

What is the process of formation of the dorsal hollow nerve cord called?

A

Neurulation

37
Q

What class are hagfish?

A

Myxini

38
Q

What class are lampreys?

A

Petromyzontidae

39
Q

Which two animals are Agnathans?

A

hagfish and lampreys

40
Q

What class are sharks and rays?

A

Chondrichthyes

41
Q

what class are bony fish?

A

Osteichthyes

42
Q

What are ray-finned Osteichthyes?

A

Actinopterygii

43
Q

What are lobe-finned Osteichthyes?

A

Sarcopterygii

44
Q

What class are frogs, toads, and salamanders?

A

Amphibia

45
Q

Which classes are amniotes?

A

Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia

46
Q

What class are snakes, lizards, crocodiles, and turtles?

A

Reptilia

47
Q

What class are birds?

A

Aves

48
Q

What are some vertebrate characteristics?

A

Vertebrae
Cranium/braincase
head + sense organs + brain, complex endocrine organs
muscularized gut tube
multichambered heart
cartilage and bone
pharyngeal arches
somites
Epidermal placodes
Neural crest cells

49
Q

What are the stages of development?

A
  1. Zygote
  2. Early cleavage stages (morula, blastula)
  3. Gastrulation (Gastrula)
  4. Neurulation
  5. Organogenesis
50
Q

What does the fusion of egg and sperm make?

A

Zygote

51
Q

What does the zygote undergo before mitosis begins

A

cleavage

52
Q

Differentiation is done via _____

A

determination

53
Q

Changes in gene expression are called?

A

differentiation

54
Q

Which cells do not change?

A

Stem cells

55
Q

The ongoing differentiation that results in the development of form and structure in the embryo is called

A

morphogenesis

56
Q

What is controlled death of cells called?

A

Apoptosis

57
Q

What process produces the three germ layers?

A

Gastrulation

58
Q

Hagfish are monoecious, what does that mean?

A

They have both ovaries and testes but only one are functional

59
Q

What is different about hagfish development?

A

They have no larval stage, no metamophosis, and develop directly

60
Q

What is the only living vertebrate with no freshwater ancestor?

A

Hagfish

61
Q

Lampreys have blocks of cartilage on top of the ____

A

notochord

62
Q

Lampreys have ____ gill pouches

A

7

63
Q

What are two examples of Chondrichthyes?

A

Elasmobranchs ( sharks and rays) and Holocephalans (chimaeras)

64
Q

What replaces the notochord in adult chondrichthyes?

A

cartilaginous vertebral column

65
Q

What are the two main groups of Osteichthyes?

A

Actinopterygians (ray finned) and Sarcopterygians ( lobed finned)

66
Q

What are the four extraembryonic membranes

A
  1. Chorion
  2. Amnion
  3. Allantois
  4. Yolk sac
67
Q

Amniotic egg has membranes outside the embryo to:

A

feed it
collect waste
put layer of water around embryo= amnion
facilitate gas exchange

68
Q

What does the extoderm develop into?

A

Outermost layer; epidermis, nervous system

69
Q

What does the endoderm develop into?

A

Innermost layer; lining of gut tube, digestive glands, liver, pancreas, lining of urinary system, gills, lungs

70
Q

What does the mesoderm develop into?

A

Middle layer; muscles, skeleton, connective tissues, circulatory system, urogenital system

71
Q

What is the coelom?

A

the fluid filled body cavity containing internal organs

72
Q

What are the three arches called?

A

Arch 1: Mandibular arch
Arch 2: Hyoid arch
Arch 3: Branchial

73
Q

Where did researchers choose to start their search for Tiktaalik?

A

Ellesemere island, Canada

74
Q

What features was the team of researchers looking for when looking for a fossil that showed the transition from water to land?

A

Eyes at the top of the head
Weight baring joints/ limb structure
lungs and gills
skull and neck mobility

75
Q

In the book, they talked about how they discovered that the first critical step in the evolution to bipedal animals was in the arms and hands and not in the brain. What study aided them in making this conclusion?

A

Early hominins

76
Q

How old is Tiktaalik?

A

375 mya

77
Q

Where was Tiktaalik found?

A

Canadian Arctic

78
Q

What are the ideal characteristics to look for in rocks to potentially find fossils?

A

Sedimentary rocks (limestone, sandstone, shale)
Fine grained sediments
Low-heat, low pressure formation
Aquatic or marine environments
layered (stratified) rocks

79
Q

Describe the anatomy of the appendicular (limbs) skeleton that all limbed animals share today.

A

shoulders (blade and collerbone), Hips (ilium, pubis, ischium), Arms (humerus, radius and ulna). Legs (femur, tibia and fibula)

80
Q

which part of the human body reconnected Dr. Shubin to the cadaver he was dissecting?

A

Hands

81
Q

What is the origin of the name Tiktaalik and why did researchers decide to use that name for this fossil?

A

It comes from the Inuktitut language meaning “large freshwater fish”. They chose it because of where it was discovered and Tiktaalik is easier to pronounce than some of the other choices.

82
Q

Why did researchers decide to travel to the arctic for their expedition?

A

It had exposed rock of the right time frame that had previously been located near the equator, making it a formidable spot to find the fossils they were looking for.

83
Q

What time period is Tiktaalik from?

A

Late Devonian

84
Q

During what time period did they expect to find the origin of fingers and toes?

A

Devonian

85
Q

Why would the development of wrist bones have been beneficial to the survival of a Tiktaalik population?

A

greater flexiability of movement, navigation of shallow waters, pushing up on land

86
Q

Tiktaalik is the intermediate between which two groups?

A

limbless fish and vertebrates

87
Q

What does ZPA stand for and what is it?

A

Zone of polarizing activity, it instructs development of the limb bud

88
Q

What happens when there is a wing bud with an extra ZPA?

A

Duplicated structures
increased sonic hedgehog signaling

89
Q

In what animal was the sonic hedgehog gene first observed?

A

fruit fly (drosophilia melanogaster)

90
Q

What does retinoic acid cause the ZPA to do?

A

enhances the expression of sonic hedgehog gene

Vertebrate Biology (2 decks)

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