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exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q
  • large band of neural fibers
  • largest “commissure” (or pathway between hemispheres) of the brain
A

corpus callosum

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2
Q
  • sever corpus callosum to reduce severity of seizures
  • leaves patient mostly normal, but with left and right brain independent in subtle ways
A

split brain surgery

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3
Q

what are the visual pathways for each hemisphere?

A
  • left side of each eye sends info to left hemisphere
  • right side of each eye sends info to right hemisphere

result:
- left visual field goes to right hemisphere
- right visual field goes to left hemisphere

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4
Q

What’s an experiment on a split brain patient?

A
  • patient looks straight ahead; picture flashed quicker than eyes can move; ask “what did you see?”
  • picture of a cup on right: LH says “nothing”
  • BUT when told to reach that object with the left hand, the RH grabs the spoon
  • ask “what is it?” and LH guesses “pencil”
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5
Q

What’s the cortical function of the left hemisphere?

A

language

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6
Q

what’s the cortical function of the right hemisphere?

A

spatial abilities

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7
Q

What’s the unconditioned stimulus?

A

input to a reflex, ex. food in mouth

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8
Q

what’s the unconditioned response?

A

output to a reflex ex. salivation to food

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9
Q

what’s the conditioned stimulus?

A

initially results in investigatory response, then habituation; after conditioning, results in CR ex. bell

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10
Q

what’s the conditioned response?

A

response to CS; measure amplitude, probability, latency

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11
Q

What’s extinction?

A

CR declines and disappears over trials without US. due to building of inhibition

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12
Q

what’s spontaneous recovery?

A

after rest interval, extinguished CR reappears at almost previous strength, and extinguishes faster next time. Due to dissipation of inhibition

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13
Q

what’s acquisition?

A

pairing of CS and US

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14
Q

what’s contiguity?

A

closeness in time is basis of acquisition of conditioned reflex

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15
Q

what’s optimal time interval?

A

between CS and US differs depending on particular response being conditioned (ex. 5-30 sec for dog salivation response, 5 sec for human eyeblink response); number of trials required for conditioning varies too

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16
Q

what’s more intense CS?

A

produces greater CR (ex. louder tone, brighter light = more salivation)

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17
Q

what responses are involved in conditioning?

A

involuntary responses

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18
Q

what’s peak relative frequency (percent) of conditioning for a stimulus interval? (seconds)

A

.5

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19
Q

what’s step 1 of higher order conditioning?

A

establish CS (ex. bell -> salivation)

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20
Q

what’s step 2 of higher order conditioning?

A

new CS is paired with old CS WITHOUT US (ex. tone->bell->salivation)

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21
Q

what’s step 3 of higher order conditioning?

A
  • eventually, new CS is established WITHOUT US (ex. tone->salivation) “second-order conditioning”
  • US acts as a reinforcer for conditioned reflex
  • CS acts like a US “secondary reinforcer”
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22
Q

what’s generalization?

A

similar stimuli produce similar responses (pet both dogs and cats)
new stimulus similar to CS also produces CR (ex. different pitch tone still produces salivation)

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23
Q

what’s discrimination?

A

different stimuli produce different responses (say “dog” and “cat” appropriately)

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24
Q

why does the CR not equal the UR?

A

CR may be preparatory response for US (ex. CS tone -> US shock -> UR fast heartbeat, breathing, BUT CS tone -> CR slower heartbeat, breathing)

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25
Q

what’s Pavlov’s view on what gets learned in conditioning?

A

CS-CR is conditioned reflex

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25
Q

what’s the modern view on what gets learned in conditioning?

A

CS-US association, such that CS provides info about US

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26
Q

what’s backward conditioning?

A

US before CS; FAILS

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26
Q

what’s the Law of Effect?

A

response is automatically strengthened when followed by reinforcement; automatically weakened when followed by punishment

26
Q

what’s operant conditioning?

A

trial and error, incremental learning

26
Q

operant conditioning vs. classical conditioning

A
  • OC- reinforcement depends on response; CC- reinforcement (US) comes regardless
  • Operant response is emitted and voluntary; CC response is elicited and involuntary
26
Q

what’s learned in OC and CC?

A
  • OC: a behavior
  • CC: a signal (CS->US)
27
Q

through what mechanism is OC and CC learned?

A
  • OC: Law of Effect: consequences
  • CC: contiguity
  • “conditioning,” because changing conditions changes response frequency
28
Q

What’s involved in B.F. Skinner’s “Skinner box”?

A
  • many responses
  • little time and effort
  • easily recorded
  • response rate in the dependent variable
29
Q

what’s reinforcement?

A

always increases rate of responding (positive and negative)

30
Q

what’s punishment?

A

decreases rate of responding; with no reinforcement: extinction and spontaneous recovery happen just as in classical conditioning

31
Q

what’s a discriminative stimulus?

A

indicates under what circumstances response will be reinforced (ex. rat presses bar, but only gets food when light in box is on; eventually doesn’t press unless light is on)

32
Q

how is OC parallel to CC?

A
  • instead of CR there’s operant response
  • instead of US, reinforcement
  • instead of CS, discriminative stimulus
    BUT order changes
  • CC: stim->reinf->resp
  • OC: stim->resp!->reinf!
33
Q

what’s the partial reinforcement effect?

A

reinforcing ONLY SOME TRIALS produces even STRONGER response than reinforcing ALL TRIALS

34
Q

what are schedules of reinforcement?

A
  • describe as interval, ratio, fixed, variable
  • Continuous reinforcement = all responses get reinforced
35
Q

what’s interval schedule?

A

reinforce next response after some time interval

36
Q

what’s fixed interval?

A

time is fixed; rat gets food pellet for next bar press 30 seconds after last pellet (ex. checking mail delivered daily)

37
Q

what’s variable interval?

A

time is average; rat gets food pellet for next bar press 20, 40, 25, 35 seconds after last pellet, 30 secs on average (ex. checking e-mail, delivered whenever)

38
Q

what’s ratio schedule?

A

reinforcement after some number of responses

39
Q

what’s fixed ratio?

A

ratio is fixed; rat gets food pellet for every 10th bar press

40
Q

what’s variable ratio?

A

ratio is average; rat gets food pellet after 8, 12, 5, 15 responses, 10 on average (ex. gambling)

41
Q

what’s shaping?

A

reinforcing behaviors that are closer and closer to a desired target behavior
- can produce a response the animal would never have made spontaneously on its own

42
Q

what’s chaining?

A

linking responses into long sequence allows training of very complex behaviors

43
Q

what’s contingency?

A

how the US depends on the CS- “probability of the US in presence of CS” relative to “probability of US in absence of CS”
Pavlov: contingency confounded with contiguity

44
Q

what’s belongingness?

A

biological preparedness to make certain associations
Pavlov: all associations are arbitrary (all stimuli have an equal potential for being associated together) and contiguity causes conditioning

45
Q

what’s the Garcia effect?

A

special facility for learning taste aversion (taste-illness association) - difficult for classical conditioning

46
Q

why is the Garcia effect difficult for classical conditioning?

A
  • association established in one trial
  • up to 24 hrs between CS and US
  • very resistant to extinction
47
Q

what’s cognitive learning?

A

(Edward Tolman 1930’s-1950’s)
learning is NOT just automatic response- strengthening but involves acquiring knowledge

48
Q

what’s learned helplessness?

A

(Martin Seligman)- learning that actions have no effect on the world, experienced as depression in humans

49
Q

what’s latent learning?

A

learning is NOT caused by reinforcement
learning IS a building up of “cognitions”

rats ran round maze at leisure for 10 days, then for food from 1th day on…

Thorndike/Skinner: learning begins when reinforcement begins- rats should run slow for 10 days, then gradually get better starting from that 11th day

Tolman found running was slow for 11 days, then was suddenly fast from 12th day on

50
Q

what’s human memory?

A

stage theory: long term and short term memory = “working memory”

51
Q

what’s the duration of memory?

A

long term: relatively permanent
short term: seconds to minutes

52
Q

what’s the storage capacity for memory?

A

long term: infinite?
short term: 7+/-2 “chunks” (organized packets of information)

53
Q

what’s the flow of information in memory?

A
  • stimulus -> STM -> rehearsal -> LTM
54
Q

what are two kinds of memory rehearsal?

A

maintenance- holds info in STM
elaborative- moves into to LTM

55
Q

what’s the serial position effect in free recall?

A

primacy effect- early part of list recalled better than middle: recalled from LTM
recency effect- last part of list recalled better than middle: recalled from STM

56
Q

what’s the psychological code between STM and LTM?

A

STM: phonological- based on speech sounds (ex. confuse “boat with coat”)
LTM: semantic - based on meaning (ex. confuse “boat” with “ship”)

57
Q

what’s the neural code between STM and LTM?

A

STM: dynamic- pattern of activity among a group of cells
LTM: structural- pattern of connections within a group of cells

58
Q

what’s trace consolidation?

A

what goes on during elaborative rehearsal- a memory trace changes from a dynamic to a structural pattern

59
Q

what’s amnesia?

A

interruption of consolidation process

retrograde amnesia: events before trauma
anterograde amnesia: events after trauma

60
Q

what’s forgetting for STM and LTM?

A

STM: DISplacement and/or decay
LTM: MISplacement and/or retrieval failure
proactive interference: old info affects new
retroactive interference: new info affects old

61
Q

What’s an excitatory CS-US?

A

connection builds up to maximum strength during acquisition phase of classical conditioning so that the CS alone will produce the CR

62
Q

What’s an inhibitory CS-US?

A

during extinction phase, connection builds up, tending to prevent the CR (animal learns that CS doesn’t lead to US after all)

63
Q

when is extinction complete?

A

when strength of inhibitory CS-US connection becomes equal to strength of excitatory connection

64
Q

when does inhibitory CS-US become more permanent?

A

With each succeeding extinction, eventually loosing no strength during rest period and no spontaneous recovery happens

Psych exam (2 decks)

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