Exam 2 Flashcards
What is a union?
An organization of 2 or more employees that band together to address working conditions with their employer
What do unions do?
Collective bargaining, involved in politics to improve conditions for workers in general, and organizing to recuit more members.
What is “at-will” employment? Who does it apply to?
Can quit or be fired at any time for any legal reason. Applies to non union workers
What is “just cause” employment? Who does it apply to?
Employer needs a justifiable cause to fire someone. Applies to union members.
Do unions help or hurt businesses? In what way?
Yes they improve productivity.
Is there still a need for unions?
Yes because without them management can anything away without getting in trouble.
What percentage of workers belong to a union?
12.5%
Is union density in the US high or low compared to other countries?
Low
What is the unionization rate in Sweden?
68% or high
What is the unionization rate in Canada?
27% or mid
What is the unionization rate in Germany?
19% or low
What is the difference between content and process theories of motivation?
Content says we can tell what motivates you. Process theories don’t say exactly what motivates you how it works.
What has more research support, process theories or content theories?
Process
Which theories are content theories and which ones are process?
Content: maslow Process: expectancy, equity
Explain the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory. How much research support is there?
From bottom to top 5 steps: Physiological, Safety, Social, Esteem, Self-actualization. Not much research in it
Explain theory X & Y.
Theory Y assumes employees need to be forced to work. Theory X assumes employees can learn to enjoy working. Not much support.
Explain Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory.
A theory that relates intrinsic factors to job satisfaction and associates extrinsic factors with dissatisfaction.
Explain the Expectancy Theory.
motivation = expectancy x instrumentality x valence
Define expectancy. Give an example.
The probability perceived by the individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance. EX: If I study for 3 hours between now and thursday will i get a good grade?
Define instrumentality. Give an example.
Is it key to getting something else. EX: Will it get me a good grade?
Define valence. Give an example.
If I’m rewarded, do those rewards appeal to me? EX: Does getting a 4.0 matter?
Explain the Equity Theory.
How motivated you are compared to others. If you are underrewarded you have -inequity. If you get overrewarded you have +inequity.
How do people respond to the equity theory?
They want change if its negative, won’t care if its positive.
What is SMART goal setting?
Specific, measureable, attainable, relevant, time bound. EX: 4.0 this semester
Define the distributive form of organizational justice. Give an example.
Perceived fairness of outcome. EX: I got the pay raise I deserved.
Define the procedural form of organizational justice. Give an example.
Perceived fairness of process used to determine outcome. EX: if something goes wrong can you file a complaint
Define the interpersonal form of organizational justice. Give an example.
How do people treat you? EX: supervisor gaves compliments about raise
What is the definition of power?
The ability to make or influence someone to do something they would not otherwise do.
Define the form of power rewards.
One person’s ability to compensate another for compliance
Define the form of power legitimate.
The belief that a person has the right to make the demands, and expect compliance and obedience from others.
Define the form of power Expert.
Based on a person’s superior skill and knowledge.
Define the form of power Referent.
The result of a person’s perceived attractiveness, worthiness, and right to respect from others.
Define the form of power Coercive.
The belief that a person can punish others for noncompliance.
What bases of power are tied to the organizational role, rather than the individual?
Rewards, coercive, legitimate
Which based of power are connected to the individual, rather than the organizational role?
experts, referent
What are appropriate and inappropriate uses of power?
Appropriate use of power is to achieve group goals. Inappropriate use is to achieve individual goals rather than group goals.
Define legitimacy influence tactic.
Relying on your authority position or saying a request accords with organizational policies or rules.
Define rational persuasion.
Presenting logical arguments and factual evidence to demonstrate a request in reasonable.
Define inspirational appeal.
Developing emotional commitment by appealing to a target’s values, hopes, and aspirations.
Define consultation.
Increasing the target’s support by involving him or her in deciding how you will accomplish your plan.
Define exchange.
Rewarding the target with benefits or favors in exchange for following a request.
Define personal appeals.
Asking for compliance based on friendship or loyalty.
Define ingratiation.
Using flattery, praise, or friendly behavior prior to making a request.
Define pressure.
Using warnings, repeated demands, and threats.
Define coalitions.
Enlisting the aid or support of others to persuade the target to agree.
Which influence tactics are the most effective?
Rational persuasion and inspirational appeal
What is the least effective influence tactic?
Pressure
What is the general dependency postulate?
The more you depend on someone else the more power they have over you/
Are politics inevitable in organizations? Why?
Yes someone or another will try to use politics in the workplace. This is because individuals have different goals/values and groups have limited resources. Performance is ambiguous
Describe the property of roles in a group. Give an example.
A certain job someone gets assigned to do in a group. EX: one person spellchecks group paper
Describe the property norms in a group.
Standard behavior of a group.
Describe cohesiveness in a group. Does it predict performance?
How close the people in the group are to one another. And whatever is the group norm (high or low)
Describe the property status in a group. What can a high status member do that a low status member cannot?
Where someone fits into the group hierarchy. A high status person can break the rules.
Describe the group property size. What size groups are most effective for what kind of task?
Smaller groups get things done quicker. Big groups have more ideas.
Describe the 5 stage theory of group development.
Forming: group forms, meets for 1st time Storming: conflict over leadership Norming: Establishing the group norms Performing: acting out the norms Adjourning: ending the group
Describe the punctuated equilibrium model of group development.
Fixed time frame
meeting group
mid-point revolution (don’t do shit til halfway through, work at higher level)
Ending group
What groups does the punctuated equilibrium model tend to apply to?
Groups with a deadline
What is groupthink? Is it good or bad?
When the group thinks differently than the leader of the group. Its bad
What are the advantages and disadvantages of making decisions in groups vs. individual decision making?
Individuals can make decisions quickly, while a group decision can take a lot longer
What is the Brainstorming group process technique? How effective is it?
To come up with ideas, not very effective
What is the Nominal Group Technique? How effective is it?
Everyone writes down their idea during a silent period and eventually everyone reads their idea. effective
What is the Devil’s Advocate group technique? How effective is it?
Someone is assigned to find the flaws in an idea, very effective
Describe the Ash experiment
showed the pressure to conform to the group
Describe the Milgram experiment
The shock experiment, measured willingness to obey a leader
Describe the Stanford prison experiment by Zimbardo.
Put people as roles as either prisoners or guards. Showed how easy it is to be unethical
What did recent replication of the Migram studies find>
The same thing as before
What is leadership?
The ability to influence a group towards a goal
What is the strength of relationship to leadership of extraversion?
Strong
What is the strength of relationship to leadership of conscientiousness?
Strong
What is the strength of relationship to leadership of openness?
Moderate
What is the strength of relationship to leadership of emotional stability?
Moderate
What is the strength of relationship to leadership of agreeableness?
none
If your personality is different than the one that is most common for leaders, does that mean you will never be a leader? Why?
No your personality only describes 25% on if you become a leader.
Describe the results of the Lewin, Lippitt, and White study.
Autocratic - medium
Democracy - best
Liassez-faire - least
If someone scores high on the LPC measure, what does that indicate about their leadership style? What does it mean if they score low?
high- socially
low- task orientated
In what situation is the high LPC leader more likely to be effective? In what situation is the low LPC leader more effective?
high- good in moderately favorable situation
low- good in extremes
What are the 5 ways a leader can make a decision?
Decide: leader decides
Consult individual: one at a time what they think
Consult group: group meeting on what they think
Facilitate: leader doesn’t decide, group decision
Delegate: leader doesn’t do shit
What is charisma?
The ability to a rockstar
What is transactional leadership?
If you do x you get y
What is transformational leadership?
Leaders who inspire followers to transcend their own self interests and who are capable of having a profound and extraodinary effect on followers
What are the 4 components of transformational leadership?
Charisma, individualized consideration, inspiration, intellectual simulation
What are the 6 elements of Sashkin’s summary of transformational leadership?
Self: vision, power, self confidence
Followers: communicate vision, empower others, consideration for others
Which is more effective, transformational, transactional, or laissze faire leadership?
Transformational because there are research studies that show that groups with transformational leaders perform somewhat better than transactional. Least effective is laissze faire.
Describe the leader-member-exchange theory. What real life phenomena does it explain?
Why bosses play favorites, treat in group better than out group. Explains ongoing discrimination
Which types of leadership traits focus on the leader?
Personality traits, behavioral theories, transformational leadership, leader-member exchange
Which types of leadership focus on the situation?
Contingency theories
Which types of leadership focus on the followers?
Leader-member-exchange
Which claim there is one best way to be a leader?
Personality traits, behavior theories, and transformational leadership
