Exam 2 Flashcards
criteria for PTSD diagnosis
- recurrent experiences (flashbacks)
- avoidance of stimuli
- negative alterations in cognition or mood (depression like symptoms, or amnesia caused by the event)
- alterations in arousal and reactivity: aggression, heightened sensitivity, sleep disturbances (nightmares), reckless behavior, and problems concentrating
effective treatment options for trauma and stressor-related disorders
- psychological debriefing: what happened, evaluate thoughts and emotions, normalize the reaction, discuss how to cope with thoughts and feelings
- exposure (imaginal, in vivo, and flooding)
- TF-CBT (PRACTICE): psycho education, relaxation, affect (discussing), correcting negative thoughts, trauma narrative (relive), in vivo, co-joint family sessions (support), enhancing security (coping)
- eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): holding traumatic event in mind while focusing on the clinicians finger movement, then hold a positive image while tracking the finger
criteria for adjustment diagnosis
occurs following an identifiable stressor that happened within the past 3 months
- impair social, occupational, and other important areas of functioning
dissociative identity disorder criteria
a. presences of two or more distinct personality states or an experience of possession
b. there must be a gap in the recall of events, information, or trauma due to the switching of personalities
dissociative amnesia and criteria
- localized: inability to recall events during a specific period
- selective: individual can recall some, but not all, of the details during a specific period
- systematized: individual fails to recall a specific category of information such as not recalling a specific room in their childhood home
generalized dissociative amnesia and criteria
complete loss of memory for most or all of their life history including identity, previous knowledge about the world, learned skills, etc
depersonalization/derealization disorder and criteria
depersonalization: feeling of unreality or detachment from oneself (out of body experience)
derealization: feelings of unreality or detachment from the world (feel unfamiliar with their surroundings, even though they are in a place they’ve always been)
treatments for DID
integration to final fusion
integration: ongoing process of merging sub personalities into one personality
- psycho education: individual must understand the disorder and acknowledge their sub personalities
final fusion: when the individual identifies themselves as one unified self
treatment for dissociative amnesia
hypnosis: clinician will walk patients through the events during the amnesic period to reorient the indivdual to experience these events
treatments for depersonalization/derealization disorder
since there is high comorbidity between the disorder and anxiety/depression, treatment focuses on alleviating the secondary mental health symptoms
- SSRI and cognitive behavioral therapy
generalized anxiety disorder and criteria
underlying excessive anxiety and worry related to a wide range of events or activities and lasting for more days than not for a least six months
- must have three or more of the following: restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and problems sleeping
specific phobia and criteria
fear or anxiety specific to an object or a situation
- impacting daily functioning
- last at least six months
agoraphobia and criteria
fear or anxiety triggered by two or more of the following: public transportation, being in large, open spaces, being in enclosed spaces, being in a crowd, or being outside of the home alone
- fear that something terrible will happen or help is not available, leaving them home bound
- can last six months
social anxiety disorder and criteria
anxiety or fear related to social situations, particularly those in which an individual can be evaluated by others
- impact social and occupational functioning
panic disorder and criteria
series of recurrent, unexpected panic attacks coupled with the fear of future panic attacks
- includes at least four of these: heart palpitations, sweating, trembling, shaking, shortness of breath, feeling as though they are being choked, chest pain, nausea, dizziness, chills or heat sensations, and numbness/tingling
treatments for generalized anxiety disorder (4)
- psychopharmacology: benzodiazepines (addictive), SSRIs and SNRIs (no benefit when they are stopped)
- rational-emotive therapy: identify irrational, self-defeating assumptions, challenge the rationality of those assumptions, and to replace them with new, more productive thoughts and feelings
- CBT: identify and restructure maladaptive thoughts while also providing opportunities to utilize these more effective thought patterns through exposure-based experiences
- biofeedback: provides individuals with a visual representation of changes in their physiological state, reducing their sense of anxiety
treatments for specific phobias (4)
- exposure treatments: exposed to feared stimuli to break the maladaptive association between the object and fear
- systematic desensitization: utilizes relaxation strategies help calm an individual as they are presented with the fearful object (in vivo = in person; imaginal = imagined)
- flooding: repeatedly exposes the individual to their most feared object of situation
- modeling: clinician approaches the feared object/subject while the patient observes
treatments for agoraphobia
without panic disorder: group therapy in combination with individual exposure therapy
with panic disorder: CBT
treatments for social anxiety disorder (3)
- exposure: engage in social situations (usually role-play) to practice social interactions in a safe, controlled environment
- social skills training: focuses on patients skill deficits/ inadequate social interactions
- cognitive restructuring: identify negative, automatic thoughts that contribute to the distress in social situations and establish new positive thoughts
treatments for panic disorder (7)
- CBT: focuses on correcting misinterpretations of bodily sensations
- psychoeducation: educating the patient on the nature of panic disorder, causes, and mechanisms to maintain the disorder
- self-monitoring: individual is taught to identify the physiological cues, document the thoughts an behaviors
- relaxation training: learn relaxation techniques to apply during onset of panic attacks
- progressive muscle relaxation: learns to tense and relax various large muscle groups throughout the body
- cognitive restructuring: ability to recognize cognitive errors and replace them with alternate, more appropriate thoughts
- exposure: engage in exposure while incorporating the cognitive restructuring and relaxation techniques (interoceptive = inducing panic)
