Exam 1 Flashcards
What is abnormality
- distress- cause emotional or physical pain
- dysfunction- interfere with a person’s ability to function in daily life
- deviance- outside cultural norms
- dangerousness- can harm or scare self or others
patients’ rights movement
mental patients recover better or live more satisfying lives if they are integrated into the community
Laboratory observation
observes people or animals in a laboratory setting
advantage: experimenter can use sophisticated equipment to
disadvantage: behavior could become artificial
Naturalistic observation
studies human or animal in its natural environment, counts, measures, and rates behavior
advantage: behavior is natural and not tainted
disadvantage: researcher can be detected and influence the behavior
case studies
details description of one person or a small group based on careful observation
advantage: very detailed about the behavior
disadvantage: may be unrepresentative of the larger population
surveys/self-report data
questionnaire consisting of at least one scale with some questions used to asses a psychological construct of interest
advantage: allow for the collection of large amounts of data quickly
disadvantage: tedious, and social desirability (answer questions dishonestly to be seen in a more favorable light)
Correlational research
examines the relationship between two variables or two groups of variables, measures the strength of the relationship
advantage: you can correlate anything
disadvantage: does not define causation, could be another factor influencing the relationship
experiments
controlled test of a hypothesis that manipulates on variable and measures its effect on another variable
advantage: establish a clear cause-and-effect relationship
disadvantage: in laboratory setting may not accurately reflect real-world situations
multi-method research
employ different research methods at different stages of the study
moral treatment movement
respectful treatment and moral guidance for the mentally ill while considering their individual, social, and occupational needs
mental hygiene movement
focused on the physical well-being of patients
community mental health movement
provide coordinate mental health services to people in community mental health centers
- halfway houses: long-term mental health problems -> opportunity to live in a structured supportive environment
- day treatment centers: obtain treatment during the day and go back home at the night
psychiatrists
- have MD
- trained in psychological treatment
- can prescribe medications
clinical psychologists
- PhD
- specialize in treating and researching psychological problems
- can prescribe medication in selected states
marriage and family therapist
- Masters
- specialize in helping families, couples, and children
- can make diagnoses and provide therapy
- cannot prescribe medication
clinical social workers
- masters in social work or PhD
- help overcome social conditions contributing to psychological problems
- cannot prescribe medication
licensed mental health counselors
- graduate training in counseling
- no PhD
psychiatric nurses
- nursing degree (M.S.N) with specialization in treatment of psychological disorders
- can prescribe medications
uni-dimensional model vs multi-dimensional model
- single factor explanation to abnormality
- integrates multiple causes of psychopathology
biological model
- genetics, chemical imbalances in the brain, functioning of the nervous system
- considers illness to be brought about by malfunctioning parts of the organism
psychological model
- learning, personality, stress, cognition, self-efficacy, and early life experiences
- psychodynamic (unconscious) , behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic-existential
sociocultural model
- gender, religious orientation, race, ethnicity, and culture
- socioeconomic status
organization of the nervous system/ responsibilities
- CNS and PNS
- neurons are the cells that work the nervous system
- receptor cells in our five sensory systems convert the physical energy and send it to the brain via neural impulse
medulla
regulates breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure
pons
connects the cerebellum and medulla
transfer messages between different parts of the brain and spinal cord
reticular formation
responsible for alertness and attention
cerebellum
sense of balance and coordinating the body’s muscles
- learning of certain kinds of simple responses and acquired reflexes
thalamus
major sensory relay center for all senses except smell
hypothalamus
survival, regulated temperature by triggering sweating or shivering
- controls the complex operations of the autonomic nervous system
amygdala
evaluating sensory information and quickly determining its emotional importance
hippocampus
memory, spatial memories, new memories
cerebrum
- frontal lobe: motor cortex, voluntary movement
- parietal lobe: somatosensory cortex, pressure, pain, touch, and temperature from skin, muscles, joints, internal organs, and taste buds
- occipital lobe: visual cortex
- temporal lobe: auditory cortex
repression
blocking unacceptable ideas, wishes, desires, or memories
- forgetting a horrific car accident
reaction formation
when an impulse is repressed and then expressed by its opposite
- when you’re angry but you act over friendly instead
displacement
satisfy an impulse with a different object because focusing on the primary object
- angry at your boss you lash out on other people instead of your boss
projection
attribute threatening desires or unacceptable motives to others
- don’t have a specific skill? you blame others
sublimation
socially acceptable way to express a desire
- stress out we go to the gym
denial
deny how bad a situation is
- denying a diagnosis of cancer
identification
when we find someone who has a socially acceptable way to satisfy their unconscious wishes and desires we model that behavior
regression
move from mature behavior to one that is infantile
- hands over ears and saying la la la
rationalization
reasons for why we did what we did but not real reasons
- i didn’t do good in a class because i’m not interested in the subject
intellectualization
avoid emotion by focusing on the intellectual aspect of a situation
- avoid the sadness of a dead mom but focus on planning the funeral
self-serving bias
attribute out success to our own efforts and our failures to external causes
reliability vs validity
- there is a consistency of a measurement that produces the same results when used repeatedly
- validity: test measures what is says it measures
DSM
lists of categories, disorders, and symptom descriptions, with guidelines for assignments
DSM categories
schizophrenia, bipolar, depressive, anxiety, OCD, trauma, dissociative, somatic, feeding/eating, substance/addiction, neurocognitive, and personality
DSM classification systems
common language, diagnostic coeds, reclassification, cultural differences, and international acceptance
psychotherapy
psychologist apply scientifically validated procedures to help people develop healthier, more effective habits.
- cognitive, behavior, humanistic, psychodynamic, couples/family, and biological treatments
mood
key differences between the two mood disorder groups is episodes of mania/hypomania
- depressive and bipolar
persistent depressive disorder
DSM: dysthymia and chronic major depression
- milder depressed mood for most of the day for at least 2 years
peripartum onset
episodes occurs during pregnancy or in the 4 weeks after childbirth
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
experience and fully recover from major depressive episodes occurring seasonally for at least 2 years
major depressive disorder
depressive symptoms lasting 2 weeks or more, single or recurrent episodes
treatment options for mood
- cognitive-behavioral therapy
- psychotherapy with medication
premenstrual dysphoric disorder
increase distress during the premenstrual phase
drug types to treat depressive diorders
- antidepressants
- SSRI’s
- tricyclic antidepressants
- monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
therapy types to treat depressive disorders
- CBT
- behavioral activation: change behavior to alleviate depression and prevent future relapse
- interpersonal therapy: manage interpersonal issues to alleviate depression
drug types to treat bipolar disorder
controversial but mood stabilizers, however, doesn’t show effect in decreasing depression if patient has both
therapy types to treat bipolar disorders
- medication adherence (people stop taking mood stabilizers because they “feel better”)
- social skills training
- problem solving skills
