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History of the Bible > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the autographa?

A

original manuscripts

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2
Q

Who were the sopherim?

A
  • preserved Israel’s sacred texts between 500 BC and AD 100
  • counted letters in the Torah
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3
Q

Who were the Tannaim and what body of Jewish Literature are they responsible for creating?

A
  • Group of scribes between AD 20-200
  • Mishnah
  • developed meticulous rules for preserving texts
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4
Q

Who were the Amoraim and what body of Jewish Literature are they responsible for creating?

A
  • names means “those who speak”
  • Preserved Hebrew text between 200-500 AD
  • Responsible for Talmuds in Babylon and Palestine
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5
Q

Who were the Masoretes and what are they responsible for creating?

A
  • A group of scribes who preserved the Hebrew texts between 500-1000 AD
  • created the Masorah: notes made in the margins of manuscripts to preserve the integrity of Scripture so nothing was added or taken away
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6
Q

What is the significance of the Dead Sea Scrolls?

A
  • they were writings from in between 250 BC and 50 AD
  • all OT books were represented except for Esther and there was a complete copy of IS
  • verified the accuracy of the Masoretic Text
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7
Q

What MS represents the oldest complete copy of the OT and is used as the basis for the modern BHS Hebrew Text?

A

Codex Leningradensis

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8
Q

What writing recounts the legend of the origin of the LXX?

A

Letter of Aristeas supposedly written by King Ptolemy Philadelphus

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9
Q

What were the three primary Christian MSS that include the LXX?

A

Codex Vaticanus, Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus,

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10
Q

What are the three periods of textual transmission and their dates and characteristics?

A
  • Divergence Period: before AD 325; boundaries of canon not settled, early church expansion and demand led to variants in copies, silence regarding autographs suggests enough faithful copies in existence, authentic Jesus stories put into the text in order to save them
  • Convergence Period: between 325-700 AD; concerted efforts to preserve true reading of text, legalization of Christianity, Constantine orders 50 copies of Bible (standardization occurs on a large scale in Scriptoria and monasteries)
  • Standardization Period: AD 700-2500; Byzantine text supplants Alexandrian texts; text is standardized- characterized by lucidity and completeness
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11
Q

Benefits and disadvantages of Papyrus and Parchment

A

Papyrus- cheapest and most popular material; limited access, durability, difficult to write on the verso side
Parchment- expensive, durable, easily accessible, and easy to write on both sides

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12
Q

What is palimpset?

A
  • “rescraped” parchment manuscript
  • original writing scraped and washed off then surface re-smoothed for new writing
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13
Q

How long were the longest scrolls?

A

seldom exceeded 35 feet

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14
Q

What is an opistograph?

A

scroll written on both sides, normally reserved for private writings, cost effective

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15
Q

What is a codex and a quire?

A

Codex- leaf form of a book, made by folding a piece of papyrus/parchment in the middle
Quire- certain number of folded pages attached to other quires and then sewn together to make a codex

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16
Q

What are the four different styles of Greek writing?

A

Capital Letters, Uncial Letters, Cursive Letters, Minuscule Letters

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17
Q

What is scriptio continua?

A

with no breaks between words or sentences and no punctuation marks

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18
Q

What are nomina sacra?

A

abbreviation of sacred names, usually using the first and last letter of the name with a line above

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19
Q

What is a ligature?

A

simplified combination of two or more letters within cursive writing

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20
Q

What are the Eussebian Canons?

A

system of notation provided by Eusebius to aid in the location of parallel passages within the gospels

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21
Q

Who is responsible for our modern day chapter divisions?

A

Stephan Langton

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22
Q

Who is responsible for our modern day verse divisions? What is the first English Bible to include verse divisions?

A
  1. Robert Stephanus
  2. The Geneva Bible
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23
Q

What is a lectionary?

A

system that allows the entire Bible to be read within several years

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24
Q

What is an illumination?

A

ornamental heading and/or picture in some MSS in the Byzantine Period

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25
Q

What is colophon?

A
  • scribal notes at end of manuscript
  • Often expressed relief or joy upon completing copy
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26
Q

What are superscriptions and subscriptions?

A

Superscriptions- books titles added before the text, distinguish between MSS, added in 2nd century, expanded over time
Subscriptions- books titles appended to end of text

27
Q

What are the three main goals of NT Textual Criticism?

A
  1. Establish the “original” text
  2. Trace history of the transmission of the text
  3. Provide insight into the history of the church
28
Q

What is the main principle when considering external evidence with respect to NT Textual Criticism?

A

weighed not counted (just because the majority of MSS say one thing, doesn’t make it correct)

29
Q

What are the two major categories of internal evidence with respect to NT Textual Criticism?

A
  • Transcriptional probabilities: scribes altering things
  • Intrinsic probabilities: authors preferences
30
Q

What are the intentional variants?

A

adding marginal notes, clarification, conflation, euphemistic changes, harmonization, spelling and grammar changes, theological changes

31
Q

What are unintentional variants?

A

fission, fusion, dittography, halography, homoearcton, homoeoteleuton, metathesis, substitution of synonyms, homophony, itacism

32
Q

How many extant NT MS fragments are there?

A

more than 5,000

33
Q

What are the major categories of sources used in NT TC and their order of relevance?

A
  1. Papyri
  2. Uncials
  3. Minuscules
  4. Lectionaries
34
Q

What are the three major ancient versions used in TC?

A

Latin, Syriac, and Coptic

35
Q

What is significant about lectionary MSS?

A

Texts may be as old as churches and were slow to change liturgical forms

36
Q

What is significant about the Church Fathers in relation to NT text?

A

The entire NT could be reconstructed from the church fathers’ quotations without the NT MSS.

37
Q

Significance of P52?

A

Oldest NT papyri

38
Q

Significance of P75?

A

Almost identical to codex Vaticanus, may be extremely close to the original text

39
Q

Significance of P115?

A

contains fragmentary text of the book of Revelation

40
Q

Significance of Codex Vaticanus?

A
  • contains most of the OT, most of the OT Apocrypha, and most of the NT
  • excellent representative of Alexandrian text type
  • includes system of divisions
  • possibly one of the 50 copies ordered by Constantine
41
Q

Significance of Sinaiticus?

A
  • contains part of the OT, some of the OT Apocrypha, the entire NT, The Epistle of Barnabas, and the Shepherd of Hermas
  • earliest copy of NT
42
Q

Significance of Alexandrinus

A
  • contains OT, some of the OT Apocrypha, most of the NT, 1-2 Clement, Psalms of Solomon
  • Oldest example of Byzantine text type
  • first major uncial made available to scholars
43
Q

Significance of Codex Bezae?

A
  • Put Greek and Latin next to each other
  • Primary western MS in Greek
44
Q

Significance of Codex Washingtonianus?

A
  • Considered the world’s third oldest Bible
  • contains all three text types
45
Q

Significance of Ferrar family?

A
  • discovered close relationship between four medieval MSS
  • adulterous woman
46
Q

Significance of Lake family?

A
  • Text is similar to the 3rd-4th century text found in Caesarea
  • MS 1: belonging to this family, was one of the MSS used by Erasmus for his first greek NT
47
Q

What is the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary translations?

A

primary- rendered directly from Hebrew or Greek
secondary- translation of a primary source
Tertiary- translation of secondary source

48
Q

What is Taitan’s Diatessaron?

A

produced a harmony of the four gospels called Diatessaron “through four”

49
Q

What are the major early eastern versions of the NT?

A

Syriac and Coptic

50
Q

What are the major early western versions of the NT?

A

Old Latin and the Vulgate

51
Q

What is significant about the Syriac version?

A
  • Persecution sent Christians east
  • written in a distinct version of Aramaic
  • Example: Pershitta, standardized text
52
Q

What is significant about the Coptic version?

A
  • roots are in Egypt, which is most papyrus fragments are found
  • Subversions include sahidic version and bohairic version
53
Q

What is significant about the Old Latin version?

A
  • major language beginning in 3rd century
  • OT is a secondary translation
  • NT has some very early readings and may be original
54
Q

What is significant about the Vulgate?

A
  • played dominate role in Europe for 1,000 years
  • Translated into many other languages
55
Q

Johann Gutenberg – When was the first Bible printed? What kind of Bible? What are names of the Bible?

A
  • 1456
  • Latin Vulgate
  • Gutenberg Bible and Mazarin Bible
56
Q

What are the two main reasons for the delay in printing edited Greek New Testaments?

A
  • Large influence of Latin Vulgate
  • Production of Greek fonts was difficult and expensive
57
Q

Significance of the fall of Constantinople

A

The Greek scholars fled from Constantinople into Europe with the Greek MSS, which influenced a scriptural renaissance

58
Q

Where and who were the first to study Greek MSS in England?

A
  • Cambridge
  • John Colet, Sir Thomas More, and Erasmus
59
Q

Major influence of Martin Luther

A

He translated the Bible into a common vernacular to expose the corruption of the church.

60
Q

Complutensian Polyglot – Who? When? Characteristics? Significance?

A
  • Overseen by Francis Ximenes
  • First printed on January 10, 1514
  • Included Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, and Latin and can’t figure out what MSS were used
  • More grammatically correct than Erasmus’
61
Q

Erasmus’ Greek NT – Who? When? Characteristics? Significance? Response?

A
  • Erasmus and swiss printer, Froben
  • first printed in 1516
  • He published the first printed edition of the Greek NT
  • contained lots of typographical errors because he was so hurried
  • Mixed responses: liked by Luther, Tyndall; Oxford and Cambridge students not allowed to read it
62
Q

Robert Estienne’s Greek NT – Who? Significance of 3rd edition and 4th edition?

A
  • Parisian printer, Robert Estienne (aka Stephanus)
  • 3rd edition closely follows Erasmus’ 4th and 5th edition, first Greek NT to include critical (textual) apparatus, became standard text
  • 4th edition: vulgate and Erasmus’ version on either side of Greek text, first text to appear with modern verse divisions
63
Q

Theodore de Beza’s Greek NT – Who? Characteristics? Significance?

A
  • successor of John Calvin in Geneva
  • included annotations along with latin translation, collated number of Greek texts
  • personally owned Codex Bezae and Codex Claromontanus, similar to Stephanus’ fourth edition
    KJV of 1611 translators made large use of his work
64
Q

Bonaventure Elzevir & Abraham Elzevir – Who? Significance of 2nd edition?

A
  • printers from Leiden (Netherlands)
  • included the textus receptus and began to be considered the only authentic Greek text
  • dominate text for 400 years
  • Basis for KJV and all principle protestant translations up until 1881

History of the Bible (2 decks)

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