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exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

coordinates fine, complex, motor movements and is responsible for cognitive functions, including language processing, attention, and memory

A

cerebellum (“little brain”)

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2
Q
  • can be organic or functional
  • can involve pitch, volume, and/or quality
A

voice disorders

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3
Q

theory in which
- individuals are born left-handed but forced to use their right
- no clear language dominance in either hemisphere
- has recently made a comeback due to brain imaging studies (right hemisphere interference, making coordination hardware)

A

organic (“handedness”) theory of stuttering

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4
Q

vocal misuse or abuse; psychological

A

functional voice disorders

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5
Q

the temporal lobe makes up __% of the cerebral cortex

A

20%

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6
Q

approx. 50% of individuals with ALS die within ___ months of their diagnosis

A

14-18 months

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7
Q

responsible for functions that keep you alive, such as breathing and heart rate, temperature regulation, and sleep/wake cycles

A

brainstem

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8
Q

defined by an individual’s
- frequency (pitch)
- intensity (volume/loudness)
- quality

A

voice

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9
Q

messages are communicated through the CNS by

A

neurons

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10
Q

a diagnosis for aphasia involves tasks that require __, __, __

A
  • repetition
  • comprehension (visual, auditory - following commands, understanding stories)
  • speaking (automatic tasks - 1-10, days of the week, singing), (naming tasks - confrontation, items in category)
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11
Q

characterized by
- short sentences, often with impaired grammar
- mostly content words (nouns, verbs)
- limited function words (conjunctions, prepositions)
- slow, labored speech
- anomia

A

Broca’s aphasia

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12
Q

responsible for vision and visual perception

A

occipital lobe

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13
Q

the __ lobe is the primary visual cortex

A

occipital

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14
Q
  • defined as an impairment of voice production
  • can be due to structural abnormalities (vocal nodules/polyps, laryngitis) or neurological factors (nerve damage, ALS, Parkinson’s)
A

dysphonia

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15
Q

the __ lobe is the primary motor cortex and the largest lobe

A

frontal

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16
Q

a group of conditions that cause the nervous system to deteriorate over time

A

neurodegenerative diseases

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17
Q

a blood clot that breaks off from different locations and travels

A

embolus

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18
Q

underlying physical or neurological disorders

A

organic voice disorders

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19
Q

characterized by
- trouble walking or doing usual daily activities
- tripping and falling
- weakness in the legs, feet, or ankles
- hand weakness or clumsiness
- voice changes
- slurred speech or trouble swallowing
- as it progresses, individuals often lose the ability to move, breathe, speak, and eat
- in many cases, cognition remains intact

A

ALS

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20
Q

__ carry blood back toward the heart

A

veins

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21
Q
  • measured in hertz (Hz)
  • reflects the speed of vocal fold vibration (cycles/second) and length of the vocal folds
A

frequency of voice (pitch)

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22
Q

aphasia occurs after damage to areas in the __ hemisphere

A

left

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23
Q

responsible for a range of functions, including motor control, personality, behavior, working memory, and decision-making (EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS)

A

frontal lobe

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24
Q

“That thing that you keep in the bathroom. It cleans your teeth” “It’s, uh, plastic, with bristles”

A

circumlocution

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25
Q

damage to other areas of the brain resulting in linguistic deficits

A

cognitive-linguistic disorders

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26
Q

types of fluent aphasia

A
  • Wernicke’s aphasia
  • anomic aphasia
  • conduction aphasia
  • transcortical sensory aphasia
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27
Q
  • 2-3 years of age
  • episodic stuttering with islands of fluency
  • mostly sound and syllable repetitions and monosyllabic word repetitions (overt stuttering)
  • often stuttering will occur during periods of high emotion (upset, excited)
  • children are generally unaware of these difficulties
A

developmental stuttering stage 1 - younger preschool

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28
Q

“He’s a b-b-b-b-boy”
“She’s a ba-ba-ba-baby”

A

sound or syllable repetitions

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29
Q

a reflection of an individual’s
- gender
- age
- general health
- emotional status

A

voice

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30
Q

though rare, can also be acquired as the result of neurological disorders, such as stroke or TBI

A

neurogenic stuttering

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31
Q

Alzheimer’s disease typically affects __ first

A

memory

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32
Q

95% of stuttering cases occur between ___ years of age

A

2-5 (average around 3 years)

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33
Q

the average pitch a speaker uses when speaking

A

habitual pitch

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34
Q

difficulties with
- attention
- memory
- executive functions
- self-awareness
- emotional regulation
- lability (rapid, exaggerated changes to mood)
- denial of illness
- neglect
indicate…

A

damage to the right hemisphere

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35
Q

characterized by
- poor eye contact
- reduced topic maintenance and turn-taking
- decreased initiation
- easily distractible
- overly verbose
- overly personal
- flat affect

A

impaired pragmatic skills of those with RHD

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36
Q

classifications of aphasia

A

fluent & non-fluent

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37
Q

“slunker”, “glimbot”

A

neologisms

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38
Q
  • getting lost in familiar places or forgetting where the car is parked (episodic memory)
  • repeating statements and questions over and over (working memory)
  • forgetting appointments (prospective memory)
  • forgetting facts of faces (semantic memory)
  • procedural memory is relatively preserved
A

memory loss with Alzhemier’s

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39
Q
  • damage to Broca’s area (frontal lobe)
  • non-fluent; comprehension relatively preserved; difficulty repeating
A

Broca’s aphasia

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40
Q

a general term used to describe disorders that involve the loss of memory, language, problem solving, and other thinking abilities that is severe enough to interfere with daily functioning

A

dementia

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41
Q

the consistent ability to move the speech production apparatus in an effortless, smooth, and rapid manner, resulting in a continuous, uninterrupted flow of speech

A

fluent speech

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42
Q

characterized by reduced awareness of stimuli on one side of space, even though there may be no sensory loss (can apply to information seen visually and/or body awareness)

A

hemispatial neglect

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43
Q
  • refers to the sound quality of an individual’s voice
  • determined by the adequacy and integrity of the vocal folds, oral and nasal cavities
A

quality of voice

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44
Q
  • onset of more severe stuttering tends to occur earlier than less severe stuttering
  • onset may be sudden or gradual
  • most will resolve spontaneously without intervention
A

developmental stuttering

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45
Q

dysphonia & spasmodic dysphonia are __ voice disorders

A

organic

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46
Q

types of paraphasias

A
  • phonemic paraphasias (“cat” = “gat” or “cap”)
  • semantic paraphasias (“cat” = “dog”)
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47
Q

the __ lobe is the primary sensory cortex

A

parietal

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48
Q

the temporal lobe contains the ___ area, which is responsible for comprehension of written and spoken language

A

Wernicke’s area

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49
Q

used to judge the overall severity of one’s voice

A

CAPE-V

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50
Q

composed of the brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system (CNS)

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51
Q

the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) supplies

A

the frontal lobe

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52
Q

bleeding in the brain

A

hemorrhagic stroke

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53
Q

mostly sound and syllable repetitions and monosyllabic word repetitions

A

overt stuttering

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54
Q

types of non-fluent aphasia

A
  • Broca’s aphasia
  • global aphasia
  • transcortical motor aphasia
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55
Q

common causes of aphasia

A
  • stroke
  • brain tumor
  • dementia
  • progressive neurological disorders
56
Q

association fibers are located

A

within a hemisphere

57
Q
  • most severe type of aphasia
  • often seen with diffuse damage across multiple lobes
  • non-fluent, poor comprehension, unable to repeat
A

global aphasia

58
Q
  • 4-6 years of age
  • episodic stuttering with islands of fluency
  • stuttering more dispersed throughout the utterance, not just in the beginning position of words
  • children become more aware and frustrated by their dysfluencies
  • physical muscle tension begins to appear
  • learned approaches to minimize stuttering
  • reactions to the feeling of stuttering (eye blinks, facial grimacing, throat clearing, etc.)
A

developmental stuttering stage 2 - older preschool

59
Q
  • damage to Wernicke’s area (temporal lobe)
  • fluent verbal output, poor comprehension, unable to repeat
  • low awareness of errors
A

Wernicke’s aphasia

60
Q

the parietal lobe makes up __% of the cerebral cortex

A

19%

61
Q

three major types of cognitive-linguistic disorders

A
  • right hemisphere dysfunction
  • traumatic brain injury
  • neurodegenerative diseases
62
Q

stuck on the same word/concept over and over

A

preseveration

63
Q

the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) supplies

A

the occipital lobe

64
Q
  • multisyllabic whole-word repetitions
    “I’m going going home”
  • phrase repetitions
    “She hit she hit me”
  • interjections
    “I like, uh, you know, ice cream”
  • revisions
    “He went, he came back”
A

normal dysfluencies

65
Q

commisural fibers are located

A

between the left and right hemispheres

66
Q
  • fluency enhancing effects not observed
  • dysfluencies present during rote tasks such as counting
  • stuttering may be situation-specific
  • increased anxiety around stuttering; “bizarre” struggle
  • no islands of fluency
  • bizarre quality to dysfluencies
A

atypical fluency patterns of psychogenic stuttering

67
Q

an interruption in the rate, rhythm, flow, and timing of speech (ex: stuttering)

A

dysfluent speech

68
Q

two abnormal structures play a role in damaging neurons and slowing communication among neurons (associated with Alzheimer’s)

A

plaques & tangles

69
Q

the right side of the brain plays an important role in communication, including

A
  • discourse
  • pragmatics
  • higher-level semantic processing (interpreting metaphoric and non-literal language, humor/sarcasm)
  • comprehension of emotional prosody
70
Q

measured in decibels (dB)

A

intensity of voice

71
Q

characterized by
- anomia
- jargon (neologisms)
- preseveration
- phonemic paraphasias
- semantic paraphasias

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

72
Q

a disorder that results from damage to the area(s) of the brain that are responsible for language, can affect receptive/expressive language, reading, and writing

A

aphasia

73
Q

occurs when there is a sudden, external assault on the brain

A

traumatic brain injury (TBI)

74
Q

three major components of voice

A
  • frequency (pitch)
  • intensity (volume/loudness)
  • quality
75
Q

the __ lobe is the primary auditory cortex

A

temporal

76
Q
  • 14+ years of age
  • stuttering development is at its apex
    fearful anticipation and anxiety around speaking
  • longer, tense blocks with some repetitions and prolongations are common
  • extensive use of avoidance strategies
  • experiencing the cognitive and emotional elements of stuttering with minimum overt behavioral symptoms (covert stuttering)
A

developmental stuttering stage 4 - adolescence and adulthood

77
Q

incomprehensible speech that contains many made-up words and errors: “word salad”

A

jargon

78
Q

the frontal lobe makes up __-__% of the cerebral cortex

A

25-40%

79
Q

types of hemorrhagic stroke

A

anuerysm & arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

80
Q

includes the motor and sensory pathways that branch from the brain and spinal cord

A

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

81
Q

involuntary spasms of the vocal folds that occur on adduction or abduction

A

spasmodic dysphonia (SD)**

82
Q

“Base [PAUSE] ball”

A

blocks

83
Q

characterized by
- severe anomia
- severe lack of speech initiation
- often stereotypic words or utterances (“I know”, “alright”)
- usage of facial expressions and gestures to communicate

A

global aphasia

84
Q

the origin of cranial nerves and connects the brain to the spinal cord

A

brainstem

85
Q

there is a greater risk of long-term disabilities from TBIs correlated with

A
  • higher age
  • greater severity of initial injury
  • longer amount of time the individual was unconscious
86
Q
  • monosyllabic whole-word repetitions
    “I-I-I-I hit the ball”
    “It’s my-my-my-my turn”
  • sound or syllable repetitions (﹥2)
    “He’s a b-b-b-b-boy”
    “She’s a ba-ba-ba-baby”
  • sound prolongation
    “Watch me ssssssssssswing”
  • blocks
    “Base [PAUSE] ball”
A

irregular dysfluencies

87
Q

a diagnosis of __ consists of
- medical history and physical
- connected speech sample
- standardized test battery (Western Aphasia Battery, Boston Naming Test or Diagnostic Aphasia Exam)
- description must make the patient “come alive”

A

aphasia

88
Q

when not varying habitual pitch, can result in

A

monotonicity (“monotone-ness”)

89
Q

consists of
- roughness
- breathiness
- weakness
- strain
- resonance

A

voice quality

90
Q

most common cause of dementia (60-80% of dementia cases)

A

Alzheimer’s disease

91
Q

___ stuttering can co-occur with other disorders, including ADHD, ASD, SAD, and intellectual disorders

A

developmental stuttering

92
Q

three factors that cause stuttering
(1) inherent instability of the speech production system
(2) triggers that exacerbate
situational, linguistic
(3) modulating factors, such as psychiological state, that alter the threshold for stuttering to appear

A

Packman & Attansio model of stuttering

93
Q

“Watch me ssssssssssswing”

A

sound prolongation

94
Q

people with TBIs may have persistent __ and/or __ deficits

A

cognitive and/or language (attention, memory, executive functions)

95
Q

nerve cells that are responsible for voluntary muscle movements are gradually destroyed (peripheral nervous system)

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

96
Q

word-retrieval/word-finding difficulties

A

anomia

97
Q

__ carry blood away from the heart and to the rest of the body

A

arteries

98
Q

experiencing the cognitive and emotional elements of stuttering with minimum overt behavioral symptoms

A

covert stuttering

99
Q

theory in which
- stuttering is a learned response to external conditions
- stuttering “begins in the parent’s ear not the child’s mouth”

A

behavioral (“diagnosogenic”) theory of stuttering

100
Q

responsible for memory, language comprehension, and hearing

A

temporal lobe

101
Q

types of ischemic stroke

A

thrombus & embolus

102
Q
  • disruptions in speech fluency in which its onset arises from the manifestation of one or more psychological processes
  • no prior history of stuttering
  • atypical fluency patterns
A

psychogenic stuttering

103
Q

an open wound from a foreign object (bullet, rod, skull fragment)

A

penetrating wound

104
Q

the occipital lobe makes up __-__% of the cerebral cortex

A

10-18%

105
Q

responsible for our sense of touch and proprioception: integrating information from our senses to make sense of our environment; left/right, temperature, pain

A

parietal lobe

106
Q

blockage in the arteries and preventing blood flow

A

ischemic stroke

107
Q

patients with right hemisphere dysfunction may understand __, but not __

A

WHAT is said, but not HOW it is said

108
Q

blood clot forms; narrows the blood vessel

A

thrombus

109
Q
  • memory loss
  • reduced thinking and reasoning skills
  • impaired ability to perform routine tasks
  • changes in personality and behavior
A

symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease

110
Q
  • strained and hoarse voice due to muscle tension
  • vocal folds are normal
  • over-engagement of the muscles around the larynx and neck
  • can cause nodules if not treated
A

muscle tension dysphonia

111
Q

initial TBI injuries are rated using either of these two scales

A
  • Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
  • Ranchos Los Amigos Scale (RLA)
112
Q

involuntary repetitions of sounds and syllables, sound prolongations, and broken words; may be accompanied by secondary characteristics and anxiety

A

stuttering

113
Q

most common cause of death in people with ALS

A

respiratory failure

114
Q
  • 6-13 years of age
  • although repetitions and prolongations still occur, muscle tension, often associated with blocks, is the most common type of stutter
  • children often develop fears around speaking scenarios
  • talking on the phone, with certain individuals, public speaking
  • specific words are regarded as more difficult, and children may avoid them altogether - “I need a ni-ni-ni-ni five cents” (I need a nickel)
A

developmental stuttering stage 3 - school age

115
Q

4 lobes of the brain

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

116
Q

muscle tension dysphonia is a __ voice disorder

A

functional

117
Q

lack of volume changes

A

monoloudness

118
Q

TBIs are most common across these age ranges: __ & __

A

0-4 & 15-19

119
Q

a closed wound from indirect impact
(falls, car accidents)

A

non-penetrating wound

120
Q
  • damage to the arcuate fasciculus (parietal lobe)
  • fluent verbal output, intact comprehension, cannot repeat
  • some paraphasias and anomia
A

conduction aphasia

121
Q

nerve cells

A

neurons

122
Q

“I-I-I-I hit the ball”
“It’s my-my-my-my turn”

A

monosyllabic whole-word repetitions

123
Q

aphasia is most commonly present in __, but can also affect __

A

adults, children

124
Q

the overall severity of one’s voice is judged on the following:
- roughness - perceived irregularity in the voicing source (irregular, bumpy, unsteady quality)
- breathiness - audible air escape from the voice
- strain - perception of excessive vocal effort; “hyperfunction” (raspiness, hoarseness)
- pitch
- loudness

A

CAPE-V

125
Q

three components of the brainstem

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
126
Q

the frontal lobe contains the ___ area, which is responsible for the production and coordination of speech

A

Broca’s area

127
Q

voice banking and AAC machines are used for people with

A

ALS

128
Q
  • acquired disorder when an individual with brain damage begins to stutter when they did not before
  • different profile compared to developmental stutterers
A

neurogenic stuttering

129
Q

individuals with mild dementia symptoms will often be diagnosed as having

A

mild cognitive impairment (MCI)

130
Q
  • “least severe” type of aphasia
  • fluent, intact comprehension, can repeat
  • major deficit is naming and word-retrieval skills
  • often relies on circumlocution
A

anomic aphasia

131
Q

theory in which
- environmental demands placed on a child to produce fluent speech exceed the child’s capacities
- demands of the act of fluent speech compete with other demands

A

demands and capacities model of stuttering

132
Q

neurodegenerative diseases can affect

A
  • movement
  • cognition
  • language
  • swallowing
    and more
133
Q

the middle cerebral artery (MCA) supplies

A

Broca’s and Wernicke’s area

134
Q

though rare, can also be due to psychological disorders

A

psychogenic stuttering

135
Q

three classifications of nerve tracts controlled by the brain

A
  • commisural fibers (corpus callosum)
  • association fibers (arcuate fasciculus)
  • projection fibers

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