Exam 2

Question 1

Allele frequency change

Answer 1

the change over time in the frequencies or proportions of different alleles in a population

Question 2

phenotype

Answer 2

the observable characteristics of an organism

Question 3

genotype

Answer 3

the genetic makeup of an individual (ex: WW, ww, ww)

Question 4

allele

Answer 4

one or two or more forms of a gene (W and w)

Question 5

Yellowstone wolves example

Answer 5

These wolves are fighting mange, which is a disease that has infected the wolves differently. Wolves with greater diversity were okay, wehreas inbred had severe disease. The wolves were also evolving towad mild manage, as allele association with severe disease decreased through time

Question 6

Descent with modification

Answer 6

the idea that species change over time, give rise to a new species, and share a common ancestor

Question 7

descent

Answer 7

shared ancestry, resulting in shared characteristics

Question 8

modification

Answer 8

the accumulation of differences

Question 9

natural selection

Answer 9

the process by which individuals with certain heritable characteristics tend to survive and reproduce more successfully than other individuals because of those characteristics

Question 10

Evolution

Answer 10

allele frequency change & descent with modification

Question 11

types of mutation

Answer 11

1) copy error 2) mechanical damage 3) mutagen exposure 4) UV/X-ray exposure

Question 12

mutation

Answer 12

creates new variancce

Question 13

natural selection

Answer 13

differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype

Question 14

types of natural selection

Answer 14

1) directional selection 2) stabilizing selection 3) disruptive selection

Question 15

directional selection

Answer 15

type of natural selection in which one extreme phenotype is favored over both the other extreme and moderate phenotypes.

Question 16

stabilizing selection

Answer 16

intermediate phenotype is favored

Question 17

disruptive selection

Answer 17

bimodal; both extremes are favored and intermediate is bad

Question 18

mechanisms of evolution

Answer 18

natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, gene flow

Question 19

genetic drift

Answer 19

change in frequency in alleles by random events
problem in smaller populations

Question 20

gene flow

Answer 20

movement of individuals and alleles from one population to another
- can homogenize populations or introduce new alleles

Question 21

adaptive evolution

Answer 21

the process of change in which traits that confer survival or reproductive advantages tend to increase in frequency over time
- not caused by random

Question 22

Strong selective pressure results in

Answer 22

faster evolution

Question 23

Constraints to adaptive evolution

Answer 23

1) lack of genetic variation 2) evolutionary history 3) ecological trade-offs

Question 24

lack of genetic variation

Answer 24

the population lacks the beneficial allele and it hasn’t risen through mutation

Question 25

evolutionary history

Answer 25

the population lacks the beneficial trait because its ancestors lacked the trait

Question 26

ecological trade-offs

Answer 26

the ability to perform one function reduces the ability to perform another (ex: sexual selection)

Question 27

speciation

Answer 27

the process that produces new and distinct forms of life

Question 28

allopatric speciation

Answer 28

speciation where there’s a barrier leading to drift & selection

Question 29

sympatric speciation

Answer 29

speciation in the same place: individuals specialize on diff parts of environment and stop reacting

Question 30

extinction

Answer 30

the termination of distinct forms of life (usually defined as the death of the last individual of a species)

Question 31

Big 5 mass extinction causes

Answer 31

1) glaciation/warming
2) algal bloom
3) volcanic activity /GHGs
4) asteroid impact
5) human activities

Question 32

life history

Answer 32

the major events relating to an organism’s growth, development, reproduction, and survival (things required to stay alive)l

Question 33

life history strategy

Answer 33

the overall pattern in the timing and nature of life history events averaged across all the individuals in the species

Question 34

complex life cycle

Answer 34

one in which there are at least two distinct stages that differ in their habitat, physiology, or morphology (ex: clownfish)

Question 35

direct development

Answer 35

a simple life cycle that goes directly from fertilized egg to juvenile without passing through a free-living larval stage

Question 36

Life history can differ between individuals of the same species bcause of

Answer 36

genetic differences and environmental differences

Question 37

fitness

Answer 37

the genetic contribution of an organism’s descendants to future generations, determined both by the reproductive rate of the parent and the survival rates of both the parent and offspring

Question 38

phenotypic plasticity

Answer 38

ability of a single genotpye to produce different phenotypes under different environmental conditions

Question 39

methods of asexual reproduction

Answer 39

1) binary fission 2) budding 3) fragmentation 4) parthenogenesis

Question 40

binary fission

Answer 40

reproduction by cell division

Question 41

fragmentation

Answer 41

one part breaks off and grows into an individual (star fish)

Question 42

budding

Answer 42

smaller version grows on parent and falls off (trees)

Question 43

parthenogenesis

Answer 43

laying of unfertilized eggs, which grow and develop into an individual

Question 44

anisogamy reproduction

Answer 44

gametes are different sizes

Question 45

isogamy reproduction

Answer 45

both gametes the same size