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Ecology > 9 to 18 > Flashcards

9 to 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals that live in a particular area and interact with another

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2
Q

population size

A

number of individuals in the population

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3
Q

relative population size

A

number of individuals in one time interval or place relative to the number in another

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4
Q

absolute population size

A

actual # of individuals in the population

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5
Q

Distribution

A

Geographic area where individuals of species are present

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6
Q

Abundance

A

the number of a species or population

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7
Q

Methods to measure abundance of individuals within a species/population

A

area based count, distance methods, and mark-recapture

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8
Q

Area based count

A

Dividing an area into quadrants, measuring average of individuals of quadrants, multiply by total area to get total individuals in an area

draback: doesn’t work for organisms that move/ are hard to detect

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9
Q

Distance methods

A

use of a line transect to measure distance from a line to a species

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10
Q

Mark recapture

A

capture mark and release individuals from total population

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11
Q

Mark recapture assumptions

A
  1. population size doesn’t change 2. each individual has equal likelihood of being captured 3. no harm to indiivduals 4. marks not lost
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12
Q

regular dispersion

A

evenly spaced

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13
Q

random dispersion

A

no pattern
ex: dandolions

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14
Q

clumped dispersion

A

in groupings
ex: wolves

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15
Q

Describe the relationship between populations, metapopulations, and geographic ranges for species

A

geographic ranges made up of 1/more metapopulations. Metapopulations made up of multiple populations

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16
Q

Metapopulations:

A

isolated populations linked together by dispersal

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17
Q

source metapopulation

A

more individuals leaving population than coming in

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18
Q

sink metapopulation

A

more individuals coming in vs. leaving

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19
Q

immigration

A

movement into existing population

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20
Q

emigration

A

movement out of an existing population

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21
Q

What are limiting factors of species distribution & abundance?

A

Habitat suitability, historical factors, and dispersal

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22
Q

Habitat suitability & abudance

A

abiotic factors: temp, soil, pH, water, nutrient availability
biotic: species are dependent on others
interactions of biotic and abiotic
disturbance

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23
Q

historical factors & abundance

A

evolutionary geological history influenced ranges of ancestors (bc we were once just pangea)

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24
Q

dispersal & abundance

A

movement of organisms from thier birthplace can result in new habitats and expansion of ranges

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25
Q

population dynamics

A

changes in population over time

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26
Q

population growth

A

increase in population abundance

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27
Q

exponential population growth

A

change in population of a species with continuous reproduction of constant proportion at each time

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28
Q

logistical population growth

A

change in size of population that is rapid at first but then levels off neary carrying capacity

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29
Q

carrying capacity

A

max population size an enviornment can support

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30
Q

population fluctuations

A

population size rises and falls over time

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31
Q

outbreak

A

extremely rapid increase in number of individuals in a population

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32
Q

regular population cycles

A

population fluctuations in which alternating periods of high & low abundance occur after nearly constant intervals of time

33
Q

What are population fluctuations and regular population cycles caused by

A

changes in food supply, predator abundance, and delayed density dependence

34
Q

delayed density dependence

A

delays in the effect of population density on population size that can contribute to population fluctuations

35
Q

Describe how population fluctuations increase extinction risk

A

fluctations slow population growth rate
If variation in population grwoth rate is high, extinction risk is higher

36
Q

Describe how small population size increases extinction risk

A

less # of breeding pairs (smaller effective population size); also more susceptible to inbreeding depression, genetic drift, demographic stochasticity, and environmental stochasticity

37
Q

effective population size

A

of individuals in a population that can contribute offspring to next generation

38
Q

How do genetic factors contribute to extinction risk

A

genetic drift can result in unfavorable traits
inbreeding can result in recessive deleterious allele

39
Q

demographic stochasticity

A

fluctuations in opoulation size as a result of chance differences among individuals in reproduction and survival

40
Q

Allee effects

A

a decrease in population growth rate as population density decreases
- increases difficulty to find mates

41
Q

Environmental stochasticity

A

erratic or unpredictable changes in env (from natural catastrophe)

42
Q

Demographic vs. environmental stoch.

A

demographic: average birth/death rates are the same; only some individuals affected
env: average birth/death rates change; all individuals impacted

43
Q

geometric population growth

A

organisms reproduce in synchrony at discrete periods of time
(J-shaped set of points)

44
Q

exponential growth

A

organisms reproduce continuously over time
(J continuous shape)

45
Q

geometric growth formulas

A

population size after t gen/ t periods = growth rate ^ t (initial populaiton size)

Population size after t+ 1= growth rate (population size after t)

46
Q

exponential growth formulas

A

rate of change = exponential growth rate times current population

population size at time t = (e^rate times t )(initial population size)

47
Q

density independence

A

population growth rates are NOT a function of density
- birth and death rates indepednent

48
Q

density independent factors

A

weather, climate, catastrophes, pollution

49
Q

density dependence

A

population growth changes as population density changes

50
Q

density dependent factors

A

competition, predation, disease, weather

51
Q

population regulation

A

a pattern of population growth in whihc one or more density-dependent factors increase population size when numbers are low nad decrease population size when numbers are high

52
Q

logistic population growth formula

A

two formulas: dn/dt = rate (population density( 1-n/carrying capacity)

long one that i’m not memorizing

53
Q

competition

A

a non-trophic interaction in which individuals of the same species (intraspecific) or different species (interspecific) are harmed by their use of resource that limits their ability to grow, reproduce, or survive (-/- relationship)

54
Q

fundamental niche

A

full set of resources suitable for a species

55
Q

realized niche

A

part of a fundamental niche that a species occupies as a result of species interactions

56
Q

Differentiate between exploitation and interference competition

A

exploitation: an interaction in which species compete indirectly through their mutual effects on the availability of a shared resource

interference: an interaction where species compete directly by performing antagonistic actions that interfere with the ability of their competitor to use a resource that both require

57
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

the principle that two species that use a limiting resource in the same way cannot coexist indefinitely

58
Q

competitive coexistence

A

the ability of two or more species to coexist with one another despite competing for the same limiting resources

59
Q

how do competitive exclusion and competitive coexistence differ

A

competitive coexistence is using same limited resource in diff way & exclusion is using the same way

60
Q

What other factors can alter outcome of competition?

A

species interactions, physical environment, and disturbance

61
Q

predation

A

a trophic interaction in which an individual of one species (predator) consumes individuals of its prey (+/- relationship)

62
Q

Carnivory

A

animal predator and prey

63
Q

Herbivory

A

animals predator and plant/algae prey

64
Q

Parasitism

A

parasite predator, host prey

65
Q

Explain why carnivores tend to be diet generalists and herbivores tend to be diet specialists

A

Carnivores tend to be diet gene; Hebivores have narrow observations because their plants are easier to acquire with less mobility but plants have stronger cell walls

66
Q

Predator adaptations

A

Pursuit, Ambush, acceleration speed, moving fast to catch prey
Jaw flexibility, Weapons & venom

67
Q

Herbivore adaptations

A

Digestive enzymes
Structural advantages (ex; height)
Behavioral modifications

68
Q

Prey adaptations

A

Crypsis: blending into the environment
Large body size: will detract predators
Speed: be faster than predators
Armor:
Poison & aposematic coloration (bright colors signal toxicity)
Mimicry: look like something that is very poisonous

69
Q

plant adaptations

A

masting, compensation, structural defenses, chemical defenses

70
Q

crypsis

A

blending into the environment; example of a prey adaptation

71
Q

Describe how carnivores and herbivores can alter communities

A

Predation impacts the sampling of nutrients
trophic cascades can occut

72
Q

ectoparasite

A

parasite that lives on the surface of another organism

73
Q

endoparasite

A

parasite that lives inside the body of its host organism

74
Q

ectoparasite advantages and disadvantages

A

Advantages: easier dispersal and protected from host immune system
Disadvantages: exposed to external environment, vulnerable to natural enemies, more difficult to feed

75
Q

endoparasites advantages & disadvantages

A

Advantages: easier to feed & protected from the external environment
Disadvantages: more difficult disperal & vulnerable to host immune system

76
Q

Host defenses

A

Immune system
Biochemical warfare (ex: berries)
Defesnsive symbionts: live inside the host to fight against its natural pathogens
Encapsulation: host insects may form capsule around pasitoid egg/larva

77
Q

parasite counter-defenses ???

A

Counter-defeneses against encapsulation (
Hundreds of genes

78
Q

Describe how parasites can affect species interactions & community structure.

A

Altered competitive interactions
Altered predator-prey dynamics
Altered species composition
Altered habits
Mud islands vs. no mud islands

Ecology (3 decks)

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