exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Organic Chemistry
A
area of chemistry which deals with compounds of carbon
2
Q
Hydrocarbons
A
compounds which contain only carbon and hydrogen
3
Q
The shape of methane
A
tetrahedron and 3-D
4
Q
Properties of methane
A
Gas at room temp
freezing point 164 degrees C
Natural gas
odorless
5
Q
How is methane produced
A
decomposition of living matter without oxygen
- swamps
- landfills
- your gut
6
Q
Meth
A
1
7
Q
Eth
A
2
8
Q
Prop
A
3
9
Q
But
A
4
10
Q
Pent
A
5
11
Q
Hex
A
6
12
Q
Hept
A
7
13
Q
Oct
A
8
14
Q
Non
A
9
15
Q
Dec
A
10
16
Q
Suffix -ane means
A
single bonds between the carbons
17
Q
Three types of fossil fuels
A
coal
natural gas
oil
18
Q
Advantages of coal
A
- abundant: most abundant of fossil fuels
- Cost-effective: generally cheaper than other fossil fuels
- energy-dense: provides high energy output
19
Q
Advantages of natural gas
A
- cleaner burning: produces fewer pollutants
- versatile: used for heating, electricity generation, and as a raw material
- abundant: significant reserves are available
20
Q
Advantages of oil
A
- high energy content: provides a large amount of energy per unit
- transportation fuel: essential for global transportation and industry
- economic driver: vital for many economies and job markets
21
Q
Disadvantages of coal
A
- Environmental impact: Major contributor to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
- Health risks: Mining and burning can pose significant health hazards.
- Land degradation: Mining can damage ecosystems.
22
Q
Disadvantages of oil
A
- Environmental degradation: Oil spills and drilling can severely impact ecosystems.
- Greenhouse gas emissions: Significant contributor to climate change.
- Geopolitical issues: Dependence on oil can lead to political instability and conflicts.
23
Q
Disadvantages of natural gas
A
- Environmental Impact: While cleaner than coal or oil, burning natural gas still releases carbon dioxide and can contribute to climate change.
- Methane Emissions: Methane, a potent greenhouse gas, can leak during extraction and transportation, worsening its overall environmental footprint.
- Non-Renewable: Natural gas is a fossil fuel, meaning it’s finite and will eventually run out.
- Dependency on Infrastructure: It requires extensive pipelines and infrastructure, making it vulnerable to disruptions.
24
Q
-ene means
A
one or more double bonds
25
What does cyclo- mean
a close chained structure
26
Alkane defintion
organic compounds that consist of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms
27
Alkene definition
Alkenes are a class of hydrocarbons (eg, containing only carbon and hydrogen) unsaturated compounds with at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond.
28
cycloalkane defintion
meaning that the carbons of the molecule are arranged in the form of a ring
29
CH3
methyl
30
CH2CH3
ethyl
31
CH2CH2CH3
Propyl
32
CH2CH2CH2CH3
butyl
33
Steps for naming a hydrocarbon
34
Polymers defintion
substances that contain very long chains (hundreds) of repeating units
35
Addition polymers definition
Addition polymers are a type of polymer formed by the repeated addition of monomer units that contain a double bond (typically carbon-carbon).
36
polyethylene recycle triangle has a number __ inside
2
37
the monomer to polyethylene
ethene (ethylene)
38
HDPE meaning
high density polyethylene
39
the monomer to polyvinylchloride
chlorethene (vinyl chloride)
40
monomer of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
vinyl chloride
41
monomer of low-density polyethylene (LDPE)
ehtylene
42
Monomer of polystyrene
styrene
43
monomer of styrofoam
styrene
44
monomer of teflon
poly-tetrafluroethylene
45
Monomer of gore-tex
tetrafluoroethylene
46
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) uses and properties
- rigid and strong
- used in building materials
47
polypropylene properties and uses
- stronger than HDPE
- can withstand high temps (can be placed in the dishwasher)
- can be drawn into fibers to make ropes, indoor outdoor carpeting, astroturf.
48
Monomer Defintion
atoms or small molecules that bond together to form more complex structures such as polymers
49
HDPE Uses and properties
Properties: Strong, resistant to impact and chemicals, low moisture absorption, and UV resistant.
Uses: Commonly used for containers (bottles, jugs), piping, plastic bags, and geomembranes.
50
LDPE properties and uses
-Properties: Flexible, lightweight, and resistant to impact. It has a low melting point and good chemical resistance.
-Uses: Primarily used for plastic bags, films, and containers, as well as in insulation for electrical cables.
- Developed during WW2 for insulation of electric cables
51
Styrofoam properties and uses
Properties: Lightweight, rigid, and has excellent insulating properties. It is made by expanding polystyrene beads.
Uses: Commonly used for insulation in buildings, packaging materials, and disposable food containers
52
Teflon properties and uses
Properties: Non-stick, heat-resistant, and chemically inert. It has a very low friction coefficient.
Uses: Primarily used for non-stick coatings on cookware, as well as in gaskets, seals, and various industrial applications.
53
Gore-tex properties and uses
Properties: Waterproof, windproof, and breathable. It is made from a membrane that allows moisture vapor to escape while blocking water droplets.
Uses: Widely used in outdoor and sports apparel, footwear, and various types of gear to keep the wearer dry and comfortable.
54
Property of plastic when flexible or brittle
- High temp, rubber state; flexible
- low temp, glass state; brittle
55
Rubber vs. Glass state
- as the temp rises, the disordered region melts, but ordered regions stay solid
- this gives flexibility to the solid
56
Structure of rubber
- Chain of carbon atoms
- double bonds are separated by 3 C-C single bonds
- synthesized by linking polymer molecules together
57
Vulcanization process and why it is useful
- discovered by accident
- sulfur caused rubber to retain elasticity even when warm
- useful for more durability, temperature resistance, chemical resistance, and overall improved elasticity
58
Alcohol description
Hydrogen attached to Oxygen also attached to a carbon
59
Ether Description
2 carbons attached to an oxygen
60
Aldehyde Description
oxygen double bonded to the end carbon
61
Ketone Description
Oxygen double bonded to middle carbon
62
Carboxylic Acid
Must be a double bond of oxygen on the end carbon and a single bond of oxygen that is single bonded to hydrogen.
63
Ester Description
oxygen in middle that is bonded to a carbon double bonded to oxygen
64
Amine Description
Nitrogen in the compound surround by 3 carbons (at least)
65
Amide Description
carbon double bonded to oxygen attached to a Nitrogen
66
Define LD-50
the dose that is lethal to 50% of the population
67
for many people, the lethal dose of ethanol is __ per ___ of ____
10g per kg of body weight
68
how is ethanol broken down the body or excreted from the body
1. Alc in the stomach is absorbed into the blood.
2. alc in the small intestine is absorbed into the blood before other nutrients.
3. Enzymes in the liver metabolize alcohol, ultimately breaking it down to H2O and CO2
4. Unmetabolized alc in the blood is excreted in urine and sweat
5. unmetabolized alc in the blood moves into the lungs and is exhaled
6. alc in the blood is delivered to the brain and affects the central nervous system
69
About ___% of the alc consumed is disposed by metabolic processes, mainly in the liver
90%
70
Ethylene glycol
- Antifreeze
- poisonous
- 2 OH groups attached to CH2 groups
71
Glycerol
- used in cooking
- a part of fats
- 3 OH groups attached to C-H bonds
72
structure of formaldehyde
oxygen double bonded to a carbon which is attached to 2 hydrogens
73
Properties and uses of formaldehyde
- toxic to humans and animals
- gaseous compound at normal temp and pressures: used to prepare plastics, to preserve biological specimens, as an embalming fluid, and as a domestic disinfectant
74
The pleasing smell and taste from some ______ are used in foods and perfumes
aldehydes
75
Acetone structure
oxygen double bonded to a carbon bonded to 2 CH3 groups
76
Use of acetone
77
How are carboxylic acids formed
reactions of alcohols, aldehydes, or ketones with atmospheric oxygen
78
Ranking of oxidation state increasing
hydrocarbons < alcohols < aldehydes and ketones < carboxylic acids and esters < CO2
79
Formic acid structure
HCOOH
80
How is acetic acid formed
if a methyl group is bonded to the -COOH functional group
81
How are hangovers produced
by aldehydes before they are oxidized to acids
82
Alcohol when ingested is eventually converted to
Carbon dioxide and water
83
What causes blindness when methanol is ingested
when formaldehyde was produced rather than acetaldehyde - formaldehyde produced reacts with proteins in the eye to produce blindness
84
Properties of carboxylic acid
- have awful smells
- evaporate or sublime and it is the gas phase molecules that give many carboxylic acids their bad smells
85
Define alpha-hydroxy acids
group of naturally occurring acids that contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the carbon atom adjacent to the carboxylic acid group (-COOH).
86
structure of lactic acid and where it is commonly found
- milk
87
Methyl formate structure
Carbon bonded to an H which has oxygen double bonded as well as an oxygen single bonded with a methyl bonded to that oxygen
88
know the properties and common uses of esters
- the hydrogen of the -COOH group is replaced by a carbon atom
- that nice smell in the air may be an ester
- Esters often have pleasant smells and are extensively used in perfumes and flavorings
89
Look at the structure of esters
90
Define neurotransmitters
chemicals that travel from one nerve cell to the next across synaptic gap
91
Seretonin is a
neurotransmitter
92
Properties of caffeine and nicotine
- caffeine remains in the bloodstream twice as long as nicotine
- stimulants that increase our level of alertness and the speed of mental process.
93
Define half-life
amount of time required to reach one-half of the substance
94
Half life of drugs to memorize
95
What is this structure
Serotonin
96
formic acid is found in what
the venom of certain bugs and ants
97
Cocaine acts as both a
stimulant and a depressant
98
Cocaine is made by
This amine is extracted from the crushed leaves of the erythroxylum coca plant by treating the leaves with aqueous hydrochloric acid
99
Cocaine melting point is
200 degrees C
100
Cocaine cannot be
smoked
101
What does dopamine do
regulate movement, mood, and attention
