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exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Organic Chemistry

A

area of chemistry which deals with compounds of carbon

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2
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

compounds which contain only carbon and hydrogen

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3
Q

The shape of methane

A

tetrahedron and 3-D

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4
Q

Properties of methane

A

Gas at room temp
freezing point 164 degrees C
Natural gas
odorless

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5
Q

How is methane produced

A

decomposition of living matter without oxygen
- swamps
- landfills
- your gut

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6
Q

Meth

A

1

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7
Q

Eth

A

2

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8
Q

Prop

A

3

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9
Q

But

A

4

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10
Q

Pent

A

5

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11
Q

Hex

A

6

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12
Q

Hept

A

7

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13
Q

Oct

A

8

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14
Q

Non

A

9

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15
Q

Dec

A

10

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16
Q

Suffix -ane means

A

single bonds between the carbons

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17
Q

Three types of fossil fuels

A

coal
natural gas
oil

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18
Q

Advantages of coal

A
  • abundant: most abundant of fossil fuels
  • Cost-effective: generally cheaper than other fossil fuels
  • energy-dense: provides high energy output
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19
Q

Advantages of natural gas

A
  • cleaner burning: produces fewer pollutants
  • versatile: used for heating, electricity generation, and as a raw material
  • abundant: significant reserves are available
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20
Q

Advantages of oil

A
  • high energy content: provides a large amount of energy per unit
  • transportation fuel: essential for global transportation and industry
  • economic driver: vital for many economies and job markets
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21
Q

Disadvantages of coal

A
  • Environmental impact: Major contributor to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
  • Health risks: Mining and burning can pose significant health hazards.
  • Land degradation: Mining can damage ecosystems.
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22
Q

Disadvantages of oil

A
  • Environmental degradation: Oil spills and drilling can severely impact ecosystems.
  • Greenhouse gas emissions: Significant contributor to climate change.
  • Geopolitical issues: Dependence on oil can lead to political instability and conflicts.
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23
Q

Disadvantages of natural gas

A
  • Environmental Impact: While cleaner than coal or oil, burning natural gas still releases carbon dioxide and can contribute to climate change.
  • Methane Emissions: Methane, a potent greenhouse gas, can leak during extraction and transportation, worsening its overall environmental footprint.
  • Non-Renewable: Natural gas is a fossil fuel, meaning it’s finite and will eventually run out.
  • Dependency on Infrastructure: It requires extensive pipelines and infrastructure, making it vulnerable to disruptions.
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24
Q

-ene means

A

one or more double bonds

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25
Q

What does cyclo- mean

A

a close chained structure

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26
Q

Alkane defintion

A

organic compounds that consist of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms

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27
Q

Alkene definition

A

Alkenes are a class of hydrocarbons (eg, containing only carbon and hydrogen) unsaturated compounds with at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond.

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28
Q

cycloalkane defintion

A

meaning that the carbons of the molecule are arranged in the form of a ring

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29
Q

CH3

A

methyl

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30
Q

CH2CH3

A

ethyl

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31
Q

CH2CH2CH3

A

Propyl

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32
Q

CH2CH2CH2CH3

A

butyl

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33
Q

Steps for naming a hydrocarbon

A
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34
Q

Polymers defintion

A

substances that contain very long chains (hundreds) of repeating units

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35
Q

Addition polymers definition

A

Addition polymers are a type of polymer formed by the repeated addition of monomer units that contain a double bond (typically carbon-carbon).

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36
Q

polyethylene recycle triangle has a number __ inside

A

2

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37
Q

the monomer to polyethylene

A

ethene (ethylene)

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38
Q

HDPE meaning

A

high density polyethylene

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39
Q

the monomer to polyvinylchloride

A

chlorethene (vinyl chloride)

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40
Q

monomer of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

A

vinyl chloride

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41
Q

monomer of low-density polyethylene (LDPE)

A

ehtylene

42
Q

Monomer of polystyrene

A

styrene

43
Q

monomer of styrofoam

A

styrene

44
Q

monomer of teflon

A

poly-tetrafluroethylene

45
Q

Monomer of gore-tex

A

tetrafluoroethylene

46
Q

polyvinyl chloride (PVC) uses and properties

A
  • rigid and strong
  • used in building materials
47
Q

polypropylene properties and uses

A
  • stronger than HDPE
  • can withstand high temps (can be placed in the dishwasher)
  • can be drawn into fibers to make ropes, indoor outdoor carpeting, astroturf.
48
Q

Monomer Defintion

A

atoms or small molecules that bond together to form more complex structures such as polymers

49
Q

HDPE Uses and properties

A

Properties: Strong, resistant to impact and chemicals, low moisture absorption, and UV resistant.
Uses: Commonly used for containers (bottles, jugs), piping, plastic bags, and geomembranes.

50
Q

LDPE properties and uses

A

-Properties: Flexible, lightweight, and resistant to impact. It has a low melting point and good chemical resistance.
-Uses: Primarily used for plastic bags, films, and containers, as well as in insulation for electrical cables.
- Developed during WW2 for insulation of electric cables

51
Q

Styrofoam properties and uses

A

Properties: Lightweight, rigid, and has excellent insulating properties. It is made by expanding polystyrene beads.
Uses: Commonly used for insulation in buildings, packaging materials, and disposable food containers

52
Q

Teflon properties and uses

A

Properties: Non-stick, heat-resistant, and chemically inert. It has a very low friction coefficient.
Uses: Primarily used for non-stick coatings on cookware, as well as in gaskets, seals, and various industrial applications.

53
Q

Gore-tex properties and uses

A

Properties: Waterproof, windproof, and breathable. It is made from a membrane that allows moisture vapor to escape while blocking water droplets.
Uses: Widely used in outdoor and sports apparel, footwear, and various types of gear to keep the wearer dry and comfortable.

54
Q

Property of plastic when flexible or brittle

A
  • High temp, rubber state; flexible
  • low temp, glass state; brittle
55
Q

Rubber vs. Glass state

A
  • as the temp rises, the disordered region melts, but ordered regions stay solid
  • this gives flexibility to the solid
56
Q

Structure of rubber

A
  • Chain of carbon atoms
  • double bonds are separated by 3 C-C single bonds
  • synthesized by linking polymer molecules together
57
Q

Vulcanization process and why it is useful

A
  • discovered by accident
  • sulfur caused rubber to retain elasticity even when warm
  • useful for more durability, temperature resistance, chemical resistance, and overall improved elasticity
58
Q

Alcohol description

A

Hydrogen attached to Oxygen also attached to a carbon

59
Q

Ether Description

A

2 carbons attached to an oxygen

60
Q

Aldehyde Description

A

oxygen double bonded to the end carbon

61
Q

Ketone Description

A

Oxygen double bonded to middle carbon

62
Q

Carboxylic Acid

A

Must be a double bond of oxygen on the end carbon and a single bond of oxygen that is single bonded to hydrogen.

63
Q

Ester Description

A

oxygen in middle that is bonded to a carbon double bonded to oxygen

64
Q

Amine Description

A

Nitrogen in the compound surround by 3 carbons (at least)

65
Q

Amide Description

A

carbon double bonded to oxygen attached to a Nitrogen

66
Q

Define LD-50

A

the dose that is lethal to 50% of the population

67
Q

for many people, the lethal dose of ethanol is __ per ___ of ____

A

10g per kg of body weight

68
Q

how is ethanol broken down the body or excreted from the body

A
  1. Alc in the stomach is absorbed into the blood.
  2. alc in the small intestine is absorbed into the blood before other nutrients.
  3. Enzymes in the liver metabolize alcohol, ultimately breaking it down to H2O and CO2
  4. Unmetabolized alc in the blood is excreted in urine and sweat
  5. unmetabolized alc in the blood moves into the lungs and is exhaled
  6. alc in the blood is delivered to the brain and affects the central nervous system
69
Q

About ___% of the alc consumed is disposed by metabolic processes, mainly in the liver

A

90%

70
Q

Ethylene glycol

A
  • Antifreeze
  • poisonous
  • 2 OH groups attached to CH2 groups
71
Q

Glycerol

A
  • used in cooking
  • a part of fats
  • 3 OH groups attached to C-H bonds
72
Q

structure of formaldehyde

A

oxygen double bonded to a carbon which is attached to 2 hydrogens

73
Q

Properties and uses of formaldehyde

A
  • toxic to humans and animals
  • gaseous compound at normal temp and pressures: used to prepare plastics, to preserve biological specimens, as an embalming fluid, and as a domestic disinfectant
74
Q

The pleasing smell and taste from some ______ are used in foods and perfumes

A

aldehydes

75
Q

Acetone structure

A

oxygen double bonded to a carbon bonded to 2 CH3 groups

76
Q

Use of acetone

A
77
Q

How are carboxylic acids formed

A

reactions of alcohols, aldehydes, or ketones with atmospheric oxygen

78
Q

Ranking of oxidation state increasing

A

hydrocarbons < alcohols < aldehydes and ketones < carboxylic acids and esters < CO2

79
Q

Formic acid structure

A

HCOOH

80
Q

How is acetic acid formed

A

if a methyl group is bonded to the -COOH functional group

81
Q

How are hangovers produced

A

by aldehydes before they are oxidized to acids

82
Q

Alcohol when ingested is eventually converted to

A

Carbon dioxide and water

83
Q

What causes blindness when methanol is ingested

A

when formaldehyde was produced rather than acetaldehyde - formaldehyde produced reacts with proteins in the eye to produce blindness

84
Q

Properties of carboxylic acid

A
  • have awful smells
  • evaporate or sublime and it is the gas phase molecules that give many carboxylic acids their bad smells
85
Q

Define alpha-hydroxy acids

A

group of naturally occurring acids that contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the carbon atom adjacent to the carboxylic acid group (-COOH).

86
Q

structure of lactic acid and where it is commonly found

A
  • milk
87
Q

Methyl formate structure

A

Carbon bonded to an H which has oxygen double bonded as well as an oxygen single bonded with a methyl bonded to that oxygen

88
Q

know the properties and common uses of esters

A
  • the hydrogen of the -COOH group is replaced by a carbon atom
  • that nice smell in the air may be an ester
  • Esters often have pleasant smells and are extensively used in perfumes and flavorings
89
Q

Look at the structure of esters

A
90
Q

Define neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that travel from one nerve cell to the next across synaptic gap

91
Q

Seretonin is a

A

neurotransmitter

92
Q

Properties of caffeine and nicotine

A
  • caffeine remains in the bloodstream twice as long as nicotine
  • stimulants that increase our level of alertness and the speed of mental process.
93
Q

Define half-life

A

amount of time required to reach one-half of the substance

94
Q

Half life of drugs to memorize

A
95
Q

What is this structure

A

Serotonin

96
Q

formic acid is found in what

A

the venom of certain bugs and ants

97
Q

Cocaine acts as both a

A

stimulant and a depressant

98
Q

Cocaine is made by

A

This amine is extracted from the crushed leaves of the erythroxylum coca plant by treating the leaves with aqueous hydrochloric acid

99
Q

Cocaine melting point is

A

200 degrees C

100
Q

Cocaine cannot be

A

smoked

101
Q

What does dopamine do

A

regulate movement, mood, and attention

Chem (7 decks)

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