Exam 2 Flashcards
Adherence
extend to which medication intake behavior corresponds with the recommendations of the provider
Compliance
extent to which the patient follows the recommendations of the provider
Persistence
Length of time between the first and last dose (when pt disc med)
Unintentional nonadherence
unplanned behavior that is not commonly linked to beliefs or cognition
Intentional nonadherence
patient ACTIVELY decides not to use treatment or follow recommendations
How to calculate PDC (proportion of days covered)
(# of days in period “covered” / # of days in period)*100
How to calculate MPR (medication possession ratio)
(sum of days’ supply for all fills in period / # of days in period)*100
Implications of STAR ratings
reimbursement
insurance contracts
pharmacist responsibility
STAR ratings are evaluated based on what
MTM complete rate
Statin use in diabetes
Adherence to diabetes med
Adherence to statins
Adherence to ACE-I/ARB
What are the 5 dimensions of adherence
Social and Economic
Health Care System
Condition Related
Therapy Related
Patient Related
Common contributing factors to nonadherence
adverse effect
cost
lack of understanding
forgetfullness
regimen complexity
Investigating medication nonadherance objective information
claims data
clinical data
Investigating medication nonadherence subjective information
motivational interviewing
creating no-judgement / honest environment
Overcoming medication nonadherence adverse effect: perceived vs actual
perceived (patient eduation)
actual (prescribe alternative, switch formulation, review risk vs benefit and severity of symptoms)
How to overcome medication nonadherence cost
manufacture coupons
insurance formulary
med assistance program
help pt select best insurance plan
utilize mail order pharmacy to lower copay
What 4 things should you educate patients on
indication
administration
benefits
risk
How to overcome medication nonadherence forgetfulness
set alarm
note around house
help pt incorporate it into routine
dose packaging or pill box
engage fam to help with adherence
How to overcome medication nonadherence complexity
review: med list for duplicates and deprescribe when possible
change: change product or formulation to decrease dosing frequency
utilize: med synch at pharmacy
enroll: pt in adherence packaging
Why do pharmacists need to assess patients
first line of communication
recognize when to refer to ER vs PCP
symptoms safe to treat at home
Elements Needed to Assess Patient Illness
Characteristic patterns of signs and symptoms associated with each disorder
Characteristic presentation of potential drug-related problems
Chronic disease guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of specific disorder
How to obtain a patients history
Start with open ended questions
Follow-up with more open ended or probing questions
Use LOQQSAM
Summarize the patient complaints/problems
LOQQSAM
Location
Onset
Quality
Quantity
Setting
Associated Symptoms
Modifying Factors
Hematologic Symptoms
Bleeding + Bruising
Stroke (Facial droop, Arm drop, Slurred speech, Time to call 911)
DVT (redness, swelling, pain)
Metabolic Symptoms
Hyperglycemia
Hypoglycemia
What are the 5 vital signs
Temp
BPM
RR
Blood Pressure
Pain
Orthostatic Hypotension
Blood pressure that decreases when rising from sitting/lying to standing
-systolic BP decrease of at least 20 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure decrease of at least 10 mmHg
Measuring Orthostatics
- Patient lays down for 5 minutes
- Check blood pressure and pulse rate
- Patient stands
- Check blood pressure and pulse rate after 1 minute
- Check blood pressure and pulse rate after 3 minutes
US Preventative Service Task Force (USPSTF)
Independent panel of experts in primary care and prevention
Systematically review evidence to develop recommendations for clinical preventative series
APP: AHRQ ePSS
Allows you to type in a patient’s characteristics and receive a list of the required / recommended / suggested preventative services
Preventative Service Grade A
USPSTF recommends the service
High certainty net benefit is substantial
Preventative Service Grade B
USPSTF recommends the service
High certainty net benefit is moderate to substantial
Preventative Service Grade C
USPSTF recommends selectively offering or providing the service to individual patients based on professional judgement and patient preference
Moderate certainty that net benefit is small
Preventative Service Grade D
USPSTF recommends against the service
Moderate or high certainty that the service has no net benefit or that harms outweigh benefits
Preventative Service Grade I
USPSTF concludes current evidence is insufficient to assess balance for benefits and harms of the service
What does the PHQ-9 test for
depression
What does GAP-7 test for
anxiety
What is the progressive risk of diabetic feet
Over time uncontrolled blood sugar can damage nerves.
– This damage leads to diabetic neuropathy and loss of protective sensation in the extremities
Risk Factors for diabetic feet
poor glycemic control
neuropathy
cigarette
PAD
amputation
visual impairment
CKD
How to decrease risk for diabetes foot amputations
control blood sugar
quit smoking
foot care education
annual foot exam
refer high risk patients
treat for PAD
What is the 5 step program for Lower Extremity Amputation Prevention
– Annual Foot Screening
– Patient Education
– Daily Self Inspection
– Footwear Selection
– Management of Simple Foot Problems
What is the 3 step process for monofilament diabetic foot exam
Use a 3 step sequence that includes (1) touch the
skin, (2) bend the filament, and (3) lift from the skin
What does risk category 0 mean for diabetic feet
Diabetes, but no loss of protective sensation
in feet
What does risk category 1 mean for diabetic feet
Diabetes, loss of protective sensation in feet
What does risk category 2 mean for diabetic feet
Diabetes, loss of protective sensation in feet
with high pressure (callout/deformity), or poor
circulation
What does risk category 3 mean for diabetic feet
Diabetes, history of plantar ulceration or
neuropathic fracture
Category 0 Management
Education emphasizing disease control, proper
shoe fit/design
Follow-up yearly for foot screen
Follow as needed for skin/callus/nail care or
orthoses
Category 1 Management
Education emphasizing disease control
Proper fitting/design footwear
Routine follow-up 3 – 6 months
Category 2 Management
Education emphasizing disease control
Depth-inlay footwear, molded/modified
orthoses
Routine follow-up 1 – 3 months
Category 3 Management
Education emphasizing disease control
Depth-inlay footwear, molded/modified orthoses
Routine follow-up 1 – 12 week
Diabetic feet education
Look between your toes
Shoe selection
Check inside of shoes
Skin care
Treat dry skin
Nail care
Corn and callus care
What is POC testing
Medical testing at or near the site of patient care
Performed outside a laboratory using portable devices, test kits or cartridges
Advantages of POC testing
improve patient outcome
expedite medical decision making
allows for testing in a variety of locations
smaller sample volumes minimizes patient discomfort
Disadvantages of POC testing
Variable levels of training and experience
Competency assessments and trainings can be challenging
Not all are approved for use as a replacement o lab monitoring
Costs may be higher
Blood Glucose POC testing
Clean finger with alcohol swab, put strip into meter, lance finger, wipe first drop away, put strip up to drop of blood, give cotton ball and bandage for finger. Clean up appropriately
(International Normalized Ratio (INR))
Flu testing
Swab back of throat/nose, mix swab with solution in tube or machine (varies), wait for result with solution in machine or use test strip.
Covid-19 testing
Type 1: PCR tests (nasal swab)
Type 2: Antigen tests (rapid) (throat and nasal swab)
Human immunodeficiency virus POC testing
Saliva-based
Fingerstick, oral swab, or urine
Collect, mix with buffer, wait for result
Hepatitis C POC testing
Saliva-based
Fingerstick
Collect, mix with buffer, wait for result
What is PPM (provider performed microscopy)
Microscopic examinations performed by healthcare provider during a patient
visit
-involves specimens that are not easily transportable
-requires appropriate clinical privileges
What is urinalysis
Urine dipstick and sediment examination
obtain midstream, examine w/in 2 hours, place 10 mL in centrifuge for 5 min, invert tube and drain, review drop on glass slide
What is CLIA (clinical lab improvement amendments)
Requires facilities that examine register with CMS
Waived tests must use unprocessed specime
apply for CMS Form 116
Renew every 2 years
What is needed when handling specimen
two patient identifiers
Label any specimen tubes/containers with patient name and unique identifier
Morbidity
Refers to the state of having a specific illness or condition
Mortality
Refers to the number of deaths that have occurred dude to specific illness or condition