Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 1407 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

Ch. 25, 27, 28, 29, 30

1
Q

How many eons is geologic time divided into

A

four eons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How are eons subdivided

A
  • Subdivided into eras
    *Eras are subdivided into periods
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How long ago did a meteor hit the earth

A

4.6 million years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Geologic Record

A

standard time scale dividing Earth’s history into 4 eons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the four geological eons

A
  • Hadean
  • Archaean
  • Proterozoic
  • Phanerozoic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which eon encompasses most of the time that animals have existed on Earth

A

The Phanerozoic Eon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What eras are in the Phanerozoic eon

A
  • Paleozoic
  • Mesozoic
  • Cenozoic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can cause extinction

A

Extinction can be caused by changes to a species’ environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mass Extinction

A

When the rate of extinction has increased dramatically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In each of the five mass extinction events, more than _______ of Earth’s species became extinct

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Permian Extinction

A
  • The boundary between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras 251 million years ago
  • Caused the extinction of about 96% of marine animals
  • Happened in a span of 500,000 years
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What contributed to the Permian Extinction

A
  • Intense volcanism
  • Global warming from large amounts of CO2 from the volcanos
    Reduced Temperature
    Oceanic Anoxia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Oceanic Anoxia

A

When large parts of the ocean were depleted of oxygen creating toxic water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cretaceous Extinction

A
  • 65.5 million years ago
  • Separates the Mesozoic from the Cenozoic era
  • about 50% of all marine species, plants, animals, and most dinosaurs went extinct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What caused the Cretaceous Extinction

A
  • Meteorite impact
  • Meteorite disturbed global climate
  • Possible Meteorite collision
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does extinction rate increase

A

It increases when global temperatures increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Plate Tectonic Theory

A

it’s believed that Earth’s crust is composed of plates floating on Earth’s mantle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the consequences of the supercontinent Pangaea forming

A
  • Ocean basins deepened
  • Less shallow water habitats
  • Colder and drier climates inland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When did life emerge on Earth

A
  • Two billion years ago during the Proterozoic eon
  • When Rodinia formed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What period showed diversification of multicellular organisms

A

The Cambrian period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What compounds/elements were on early Earth’s atmosphere

A
  • Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
  • Nitrogen Gas (N2)
  • Water Vapor (H2O)
  • Hydrogen Gas (H2)
  • other Sulfur, Nitrogen, and Carbon compounds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What may have been the first genetic material on Earth

A

RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Microfossils

A

Fossilized forms of microscopic life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Stromatolite

A

Mats of cyanobacterial cells that trap mineral deposits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Biomarkers

A

Evidence of ancient organic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What domains did life evolve into

A
  • Eubacteria
  • Archaea
  • Eukaryotes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why were prokaryotic cells undiscovered for most of human history

A

They were microscopic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Who suggested that disease was caused by unseen organisms

A

Girolamo Fracastoro
* Italian physician
* 1546

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Who was the first to observe and accurately describe microbial life

A

Antony Van Leeuwenhoek

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What microscope allowed the study of cell substructure

A

Modern electron microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

_____ was the oldest, structurally simplest, and most abundant form of life

A

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What two domains do Prokaryotes fall into

A
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are characteristics of Prokaryotes

A
  • Unicellular
  • Small cell size
  • Have a Nucleoid
    *Can Divide Cells
  • Genetic Recombination
  • Internal Compartmentalization
  • Flagella
  • Metabolic Diversity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Unicellular

A

Single-celled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Biofilm

A

Prokaryotes that are capable of forming complex communities of different species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Nucleoid

A

A single circular chromosome made up of DNA and histone like proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Genetic Recombination

A

Exchanging genetic material through horizontal gene transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How do Bacteria and Archaea differ

A
  • Plasma membranes
  • Cell walls
  • DNA replication
  • Gene expression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

____ have peptidoglycan on their cell wall

A

Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

____ do not have peptidoglycan on their cell wall

A

Archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the three basic shapes of prokaryotic cells

A
  • Bacillus (Rod Shaped)
  • Coccus (Spherical/Oval Shaped)
  • Spirillum (Long and helix shaped)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Gram Postive Bacteria

A

thick peptidoglycan wall
* Stain purple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Gram Negative Bacteria

A

Contain less peptidoglycan
* Common
* Can be stained with red counterstain to appear dark pink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

S-Layer

A

rigid layer found in some bacteria and archaea
* can be found on the outer membrane layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Capsule

A

Gelantinous layer found in some bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Flagella

A
  • Helps the bacteria move like a propeller
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Pili

A
  • short, hairlike structures
  • Found in some gram negative bacteria
  • Aid in attachment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Endospores

A

Thick-walled bacterial spore that can survive harsh environmental stress
* Once conditions improve they can germinate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

____ contain Ribosomes

A

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Do prokaryotes reproduce sexually

A

No, they exchange DNA between different cells of species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What ways do prokaryotes exchange DNA

A

Exchange DNA through Horizontal gene transfer
* Transformation
* Transduction
* Conjugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Transformation Gene Transfer

A

DNA that is released from a dead cell is picked up by another live cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Transduction Gene Transfer

A

When transferring DNA requires cell-to-cell contact or a viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Conjugation Gene Transfer

A

When genes move form one cell to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Artificial Transformation

A

Some species don’t naturally undergo transformation and need to be done by scientists in a lab

Ex. E. Coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Generalized Transduction

A

Transferring of any genes can be done between cells
* A virus packages bacterial DNA and transfers it into another bacteria’s DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Specialized Transduction

A

When a bacteriophage transfer a specific bacterial gene from one bacteria to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

In Conjugation, ____ may encode functions not necessary to the organism, but may provide a selective advantage

A

Plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

F+ _____ do/don’t contain plasmids

A

do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

F- _____ do/don’t contain plasmids

A

don’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Explain F plasmid transfer

A

1) F+ donor cell produces the appendage (F pilus) that connects to the F- recipient cell

2) F pilus pulls the cells together creating a conjugation bridge allowing the transfer of genetic material

3) The F+ plasmid is copied through rolling circle replication resulting in two F+ donor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Hfr Cell

A
  • High Frequency of Recombination (Hfr)
  • A cell with an integrated F+ plasmid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

An F plasmid ____ can/cannot excise itself by reversing the integration process

A

can

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

An _____ inaccurate/accurate excision may occur picking up some chromosomal DNA (F plasmid)

A

inaccurate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

R Plasmids

A

Some conjugative plasmids can acquire antibiotic resistance genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

How do conjugative plasmids become R plasmids

A

They acquire genes through transposable elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Auxotroph

A

A bacteria that acquires a mutation that results in an inability to make an essential nutrient
* Cannot survive on minimal media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Prototrophs

A

Bacteria that can grow on minimal media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What does CRISPR stand for

A

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

CRISPR

A

A form of adaptive protection against viral infections that are in the genome structures of many prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Autotrophs acquire carbon from

A

inorganic carbon dioxide (CO2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

_____ obtains energy from oxidizing inorganic substances

A

Chemolithoautotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

____ obtains carbon in reduced forms

A

Heterotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

_____ transform energy by harvesting light

A

Photoheterotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

____ obtains organic carbon made by other organisms

A

Photoheterotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

_____ obtain carbon atoms and energy from organic molecules

A

Chemoheterotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

______ have greater diversity to perform respirations and fermentations

A

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

______ are restricted to ____ electron donors and oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor

A

eukaryotes; organic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

_____ _____ can metabolize _____ and other compounds to recycle electron donors

A

Prokaryotic fermentations; pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Decomposition

A

Nutrients are released to the environment from dead organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Fixation

A

oxidized nutrients are made available for use by heterotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What do photosynthesizers fix

A

They fix carbon into sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

_____ _____ added oxygen to the air

A

ancient cyanobacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What do Nitrogen fixers reduce

A

They reduce nitrogen to ammonia (NH3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

There’s a ___ ____ association between ____ and ____

A

mutually beneficial
plants
bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Not all plant prokaryote interactions are mutually beneficial. Some can establish a ______ ______ causing harm to important crops

A

Parasitic relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

There are _____ relationships between mammals and _______

A

beneficial
prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Bioremediation

A

The use of organisms to remove pollutants from water, air, and soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Biostimulation

A

The addition of nutrients to a biome to encourage growth of naturally occurring microbes that can degrade oil spills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Halorespiration

A

When bacteria remove halogenated compounds from toxic wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

How does bacteria cause disease in humans

A
  • Bacteria gain entry into the body
  • They colonize at the site of infection
  • Then invade the immune system
  • They spread to other sites in the body
  • Causing damage by triggering our inflammatory responses to foreign bacteria or they produce toxins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

What bacteria is in Tuberculosis (TB)

A

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

What does the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis affect

A

Affects the respiratory system and it’s easily transferred from person to person through the air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

What bacteria are in ulcers

A

Helicobacter Pylori can cause stomach ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

How do you treat stomach ulcers

A

You reduce the amount of stomach acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Helicobacter Pylori can also cause _____, stomach ____, and _____

A

gastritis
cancer
Lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Gonorrhea is caused by

A

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

How is Gonorrhea transmitted

A

Transmitted through exchange of body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

What bacteria causes Chlamydia and what can it cause

A

Chlamydia Trachomatis
* Can cause pelvic inflammatory disease and heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

What is the silent STD

A

Chlamydia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

What bacteria causes Syphilis

A

Treponema Pallidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

How is syphilis transmitted

A

Transmitted through sex or contact with open chancre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

What are the stages of syphilis and how infectious are they

A

1) Chancre - highly infectious
2) Rash - Infectious
3) Latency - not infectious but attacks internal organs
4) No damage - nerve damage, heart disease, mental deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

How do Eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells

A
  • They have a complex cytoskeleton
  • Compartmentalization (Nucleus and organelles)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Which STD’s can be passed onto a mothers baby

A
  • Syphilis
  • Gonorrhea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

When did eukaryotes appear in microfossils

A

about 1.5 billion years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

How did the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum emerge

A

They arose from infoldings of a prokaryotic cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

How did mitochondria form

A

Aerobic bacteria was engulfed by larger bacteria making the mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

How did chloroplasts form

A

when a larger bacteria engulfed a smaller photosynthetic bacteria forming a chloroplast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

_____ came from a single line of cyanobacteria

A

Chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

Secondary Endosymbiosis

A

When brown algae obtained their chloroplasts by engulfing one or more red algae that already had chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Endosymbiosis is supported by what evidence

A
  • DNA inside mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to DNA in bacteria
  • Ribosomes inside mitochondria are similar to bacterial ribosomes
  • Chloroplasts and mitochondria replicate by binary fission like prokaryotes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

______ carries its genes on a single circular DNA molecule

A

Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

_____ carries its genes on multiple chromosomes, which are usually present in pairs

A

Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

_____ and _____ developed to separate chromosomes and other cell contents during cell division

A

Mitosis
Cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

_____ are the most diverse of the four eukaryotic kingdoms

A

Protists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

Protists vary considerably in

A
  • Unicellular, Colonial, and multicellular groups
  • size
  • Nutrition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

_____ are paraphyletic

A

Protists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

What are the six eukaryotic supergroups

A
  • Excavata
  • Chromalveolata
  • Archaeplastida
  • Rhizaria
  • Amoebozoa
  • Ophisthokonta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

Protists are present in ____ _____ eukaryotic supergroups

A

all six

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

What type of cell surfaces do protists possess

A
  • Some have plasma membranes
  • Most have an extracellular matrix
  • Some have strong cell walls (diatoms and silica shells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

Protist Cyst

A

A dormant cell with resistant outer covering that’s used to survive and reproduce asexually in harsh conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

What are ways a protist moves

A
  • Flagella
  • Cilia
  • Pseudopods
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

_____ (False Feet) are the chief means of locomotion among amoebas

A

Pseudopods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

How do Protists get their energy

A
  • They are autotrophs
  • Some photosynthetic
  • Some Chemoautotrophic
  • They are Heterotrophs
  • Phagotrophs
  • Mixotrophs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

Phagotroph

A

organisms that ingest particles of food in vesicles called food vacuoles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

Mixotrophs

A

Protists that are both phototrophic and heterotrophic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

Protists typically reproduce _____

A

asexually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

Mitosis creates two _____ _____ daughter cells

A

equal size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

______ creates one daughter cell that’s _____

A

Budding
smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

Schizogony

A

cell division preceded by several nuclear divisions (produces several daughter cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

The advantage of sexual reproduction is that it allows for frequent _____ _____

A

genetic recombination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

The great advantage of _______ is that it fosters specialization

A

multicellularity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

Specialization

A

When cells devote all of their energy to one function in a tissue and other cells to other functions

Like a trade specialty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

What are the organisms classified under the supergroup Excavata

A
  • Diplomonads
  • Parabasalids
  • Euglenozoans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

What do the excavata supergroup organisms have in common

A

They share similarities in cytoskeletal features and DNA sequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

Diplomonads are characterized as

A
  • Unicellular
  • Don’t have a functional mitochondria
  • Two nuclei
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

What’s an example of a diplomonad

A

Giardia Intestinalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q

Giardia Intestinalis

A

a parasitic diplomonad that can pass from human to human via contamined water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

Distinguishing features of Parabasalids

A
  • Have a undulating membrane for locomotion
  • Have flagella
  • Have a semifunctional mitochondria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q

______ have a symbiotic relationship with cellulose-degrading bacteria

A

Parabasalids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
142
Q

Some _____ live in the guts of termites

A

parabasalids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
143
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis causes trichomoniasis, a common STD in humans originating from _______

A

Parabasalids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

What are the differences between diplomonads and parabasalids

A
  • Parabasalids have a semifunctional mitchondria and have one nucleus per cell
  • Diplomonads don’t have a functional mitochondria and have two nuclei per cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
145
Q

What are Euglenozoans distinguishing features

A
  • Their bodies change shape, alternating between being stretched out and being rounded
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
146
Q

Why can euglenozoans change shape

A

They lack a cell wall and instead have strips of protein encircling the cell
* The strips can slide providing flexibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
147
Q

_____ are among the earliest eukaryotes to possess mitochondria

A

Euglenozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
148
Q

What are considered euglenozoans

A
  • Free-living euglenids
  • Parasitic kinetoplastids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
149
Q

______ of euglenids have ______ and are ______; the others ______ chloroplasts, ingest their food, and are ______

A

1/3
chloroplasts
autotrophic
lack
heterotrophic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
150
Q

Euglena have two unequal ______ attached at the reservoir

A

flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
151
Q

How does reproduction occur in euglenids

A

Reproduction occurs asexually and by mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
152
Q

______ ______ collect excess water from all parts of the organism and empty it into the reservoir in _______

A

Contractile vacuoles
Euglena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
153
Q

A light-sensitive _____ helps photosynthetic ______ move toward light

A

Stigma
Euglenids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
154
Q

Cells of ______ contain numerous small _____

A

Euglena
Chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
155
Q

How did euglenid chloroplasts evolve

A

They evolved from a symbiotic relationship through ingestion of green algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
156
Q

What’s the second major group in euglenozoa

A

Kinetoplastids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
157
Q

What are distinguishing characteristics of Kinetoplastids

A
  • Have a unique, single mitochondrion in each cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
158
Q

What’s an example of a kinetoplastid

A

Trypanosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
159
Q

Trypanosome

A

a group of kinetoplastids that cause many serious human diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
160
Q

What are examples of diseases that Trypanosomes can cause

A
  • Trypanosomiasis
  • Chagas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
161
Q

Trypanosomiasis

A
  • African sleeping sickness
  • Causes extreme lethargy and fatigue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
162
Q

How is Chagas Disease contracted

A

caused by skin contact with urine or blood of infected wild animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
163
Q

What supergroups are in the Chromalveolate group

A
  • Stramenopila
  • Alveolata
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
164
Q

Name the organisms in the alveolate group

A
  • Dinoflagellates
  • Apicomplexans
  • Ciliates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
165
Q

What do the organisms under the alveolates clade have in common

A

They have flattened vesicles called alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
166
Q

What’s the difference among the alveolates

A

They have a diverse modes of locomotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
167
Q

What are the distinguishing features of Dinoflagellates

A
  • Photosynthetic
  • Two flagella
  • Some are luminescent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
168
Q

The _______ chromosome is unique among the eukaryotes because their DNA is not generally complexed with histone proteins

A

Dinoflagellate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
169
Q

Most dinoflagellates contain chlorophylls ___ and ___ in addition to ______

A

a
c
carotenoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
170
Q

How do dinoflagellates reproduce

A

They produce asexually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
171
Q

What happens when toxic dinoflagellates are abundant in the ocean

A

many fishes, birds, and marine mammals may die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
172
Q

Apicomplexans

A

Spore forming parasites of animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
173
Q

Apical Complex

A

A unique arrangement of organelles at one end of a apicomplexan that allows the apicomplexan to invade its host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
174
Q

Give an example of an apicomplexan

A

Plasmodium (Responsible for malaria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
175
Q

How does Toxoplasma gondii invades epithelial cells of human guts

A

They use apical complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
176
Q

What does Toxoplasma cause in humans

A

Causes infections in humans who are immunocompromised
* Can harm fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
177
Q

What are Ciliates distinguishing features

A
  • Alot of Cilia in longitudinal rows or spirals around cell
  • Cilia beat in coordination
  • Micronucleus
  • Macronucleus
  • Food Vacuoles
  • Contractile Vacuoles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
178
Q

Micronucleus

A

used as a germ line for sexual reproduction ( NO DNA Transcribed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
179
Q

Macronucleus

A

DNA is transcribed for daily activities of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
180
Q

Food Vacuoles

A

Digestion of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
181
Q

Contractile Vacuoles

A

Regulate water balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
182
Q

What is Stramenopila composed of

A
  • Brown algae
  • Diatoms
  • Ooymycetes (Water molds)
183
Q

Brown Algae are _____

A

Haplodiplontic

184
Q

Haplodiplontic

A

Life style where both gametophyte (haploid) and sporophyte (diploid) stages alternate

185
Q

Unique features of Diatoms

A
  • Photosynthetic
    Unicellular
  • Unique double shells made of silica
  • Raphes
186
Q

Raphe

A

two long grooves lined with vibrating fibrils that help diatoms move

187
Q

Oomycetes are also known as

A

Water molds

188
Q

Oomycetes are either ____ or _____

A

parasites
saprobes (decomposers)

189
Q

How are oomycetes distinguished from other protists

A

Their structure of their motile spores (Zoospores) and two unequal flagella

190
Q

How do oomycetes reproduce

A

They produce asexually

191
Q

What monophyletic groups are in the organism group of Rhizaria

A
  • Radiolaria
  • Foraminifera
  • Cercozoa
192
Q

What do the Rhizaria group have in common

A

They have pseudopods for locomotion

193
Q

What are the distinguishing features of Radiolarians

A
  • Glassy exoskeletons made of silica
  • Needlelike pseudopods
194
Q

Foraminifera are _____ marine protists

A

heterotrophic

195
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of foraminifera

A
  • Pore-studded shells (Tests)
  • Podia
196
Q

Podia

A
  • Used for swimming
  • Gathering materials for the tests
  • Feeding
197
Q

What’s the lifecycle of foraminifera

A
  • Haplodiplontic Life style
  • They alternate between haploid and diploid generations
198
Q

Where can forams be found

A
  • limestone
  • White Cliffs of Dover
199
Q

_____ are a diverse group of primarily soil protists

A

Cercozoa

200
Q

What are features of cercozoa

A
  • Some rely on flagella
  • Some have pseudopods
  • Some have silica-based shells
201
Q

What groups are in Archaeplastida

A
  • Rhodophyta
  • Chlorophyta
  • Charophytes
  • Land plants
202
Q

______ acquired their chloroplasts through _____ _______

A

Archaeplastida
primary endosymbiosis

203
Q

Archaeplastida are _____ organisms

A

Photosynthetic

204
Q

What are features of Rhodophyta

A
  • Red Algae
  • Size ranges from microscopic to very large
  • Lack flagella and centrioles
  • Have photosynthetic pigments (red)
205
Q

What are the life cycle of rhodophyta like

A

They have haploid and diploid phases

206
Q

Green algae consists of what lineages

A

Chlorophyta and charophytes

207
Q

Chlorophyta have

A

unusual diversity and lines of specialization

208
Q

Charophytes gave rise the the ____ _____

A

land plants

209
Q

Early _____ ______ probably resembled Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, diverging from land plants over ______ BYA

A

green algae
one

210
Q

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is widely used for recombinant _______ ______

A

protein expression

211
Q

Colonial ______ are examples of cellular specialization

A

Chlorophytes

212
Q

Volvox

A

Hollow sphere made up of a single layer of thousands of individual cells each with two flagella

213
Q

Haplodiplontic life cycles are found in some _____ and ______

A

Chlorophytes
Strptophytes

214
Q

Ulva

A
  • Multicellular chlorophyte
  • Identical gametophyte and sporophyte generations
  • Flattened sheets
215
Q

______ are also green algae; distinguished from _____ by phylogenetic relationship to ____ ____

A

Charophytes
chlorophytes
land plants

216
Q

What is the lifestyle of Charophytes

A

Haplontic life style

217
Q

What two charophyte clades are thought to be most closely related to land plants

A
  • chareles
  • Coleochaetales
218
Q

Characteristics of Amoebas

A
  • Pseudopods
219
Q

Pseudopod

A

flowing projections of cytoplasm that extend and pull the amoeba forward or to engulf food particles

220
Q

What is associated with amoeba movement

A

Microfilaments are associated with the movement of amoeba

221
Q

Some _____ are parasitic

A

amoeba

222
Q

Where are amoebas found

A

Found in soil and freshwater

223
Q

What does the acanthomoeba do to immunocompromised individuals

A

It enters the body of a human through a wound and causes inflammation and even death in the brain

224
Q

What are slime molds important for

A

Important for the study of cell differentiation because of their simple developmental systems

225
Q

_____ ______ ingest bacteria

A

Slime molds

226
Q

What organism aggregates to form a slug when food is scare

A

Slime molds

227
Q

The slime mold that turns into a slug can make ____ ____

A

spore cells

228
Q

What organisms are under the opisthokonta clade

A
  • Fungi
  • Opisthokonts
  • Animals
229
Q

Characteristics of Opisthokonts

A
  • Unicellular
  • Share common ancestor with sponges and animals
  • Single flagellum surrounded by contractile collar
230
Q

What do colonial opisthokonts resemble

A

Freshwater sponges (animals)

231
Q

____ _____ and the ____ _____ shared a common ancestor a little over _____ BYA

A

Green algae
land plants
one

232
Q

Not all photoautotrophs are ______

A

plants

233
Q

What issues did plants have to overcome on land

A
  • Water loss
  • Protection from the sun
234
Q

What helped plants colonize land and how did they help

A

Fungi helped to make nutrients available to plants

235
Q

What two major clades did the green algae split into

A
  • Chlorophytes
  • Charophytes
236
Q

What green algae clade did not make it to land

A

Chlorophytes

237
Q

What green algae clade did make it to land

A

Charophytes

238
Q

land plants have multicellular ____ and _____ stages

A

Haploid
diploid

239
Q

How did land plants adapt to terrestrial life

A

Formed a waxy cuticle and stomata

240
Q

How did land plants efficiently transport water

A

With tracheophytes

241
Q

Tracheophytes

A

Have specialized vascular tissue for transport over long distances

242
Q

Xylem

A

The tissue that carries water in land plants

243
Q

Phloem

A

Dissolved nutrients and sugars are carried here

244
Q

All land plants have what generations

A

haploid and diploid generation

245
Q

What did UV light do to terrestrial plants

A

It increased the chance of plant mutations so land plants had to become diploid (carrying two copies of every gene)

246
Q

What is the haplodiplontic life cycle

A

1) Sporophyte (Diploid stage)

2) Gametophyte ( Haploid stage)

247
Q

Explain the sporophyte stage

A

1) Sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis
* undergoes meiosis in sporangia

2) Produces 4 haploid spores
* first cells of gametophyte generation

248
Q

Explain the gametophyte stage

A

1) The spores divide by mitosis

2) Produces gametes by mitosis

3) Gametes fuse to form diploid zygote

4) Diploid zygote is the first cell of the next sporophyte generation

249
Q

All land plants are ______

A

Haplodiplontic

250
Q

Moss have large _____ and small, dependent _____

A

Gametophyte
sporophyte

251
Q

Angiosperm have small, dependent ______ and large ______

A

gametophyte
sporophyte

252
Q

______ are the closest living descendants of the first land plants

A

Bryophytes

253
Q

Plants in the Byrophytes group are also called _____

A

nontracheophytes

254
Q

Why are bryophytes also called nontracheophytes

A

because they lack the transport cells called tracheids

255
Q

What is mycorrhizal associations important for in bryophytes

A

It’s important because it enhances water uptake

256
Q

The beneficial symbiotic relationships between fungi and plants is called _____

A

mycorrhizal associations

257
Q

What are the characteristics of bryophytes

A
  • Simple
  • Photosynthetic gametophyte
    Require water for sexual reproduction
258
Q

What clades are in the bryophyte group

A
  • Liverworts
  • Mosses
  • Hornworts
259
Q

______ have flattened gametophytes with liverlike lobes

A

Liverworts

260
Q

What type of reproduction does Liverworts have

A

asexual reproduction

261
Q

______ form gametangia in umbrella-shaped structures

A

Liverwort

262
Q

Gaemtophytes in _____ consist of small, leaflike structures around a stem-like axis

A

Moss

263
Q

_____ does not have true leaves, no vascular tissue

A

Moss

264
Q

The gametophytes in moss are anchored to substrate by _______

A

Rhizoids

265
Q

Rhizoid

A

consists of several cells that absorb water, but not at the volume by vascular plant roots

266
Q

How does moss reproduce

A
  • Mitosis
  • Have multicellular gametangia (gamete-producing structures)
  • Gametangia are formed at the tips of moss gametophytes
267
Q

Female gametangia

A

Archegonia

268
Q

Male gametangia

A

Antheridia

269
Q

_______ are most likely among the earliest land plants, yet the earliest ______ fossil spores date from the _______ period

A

Hornworts
Hortwort
Cretaceous

270
Q

In ______ the sporophyte base is embedded in gametophyte tissue

A

Hortworts

271
Q

Hornworts are _______ and their cells have a single large _______

A

Photosynthetic
Chloroplast

272
Q

_______ was the first vascular land plant

A

Cooksonia

273
Q

Cooksonia appeared about ______ MYA

A

420

274
Q

What are some features of cooksonias

A
  • Only a few centimeters tall
  • No roots or leaves
  • Homosporous
275
Q

Homosporous

A

Produce only one type of spore

276
Q

What are the two types of vascular tissues

A
  • Xylem
  • Phloem
277
Q

Xylem

A

Conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots

278
Q

Phloem

A

Conducts sucrose and hormones throughout the plant

279
Q

What do vascular tissues enhance

A
  • Allows tracheophytes to achieve a bigger size
280
Q

Where does vascular tissue develop

A
  • In the sporophyte
281
Q

What are some features found in all vascular plant sporophytes and what do they help with

A
  • Cuticle
  • Stomata
  • Help reduce water loss
282
Q

Tracheophytes are grouped into what three clades

A
  • Lycophytes (club moss)
  • Pterophytes (ferns, whisk ferns, and horntails)
  • Seed plants
283
Q

The ______ has been reduced in size relative to the ______ during the evolution of the tracheophytes

A

Gametophyte
Sporophyte

284
Q

Early Tracheophytes have stems but no _____ or ______

A

roots
leaves

285
Q

The lack of _____ limited early tracheophytes

A

roots

286
Q

Roots provide _____ and _____

A

Transport
Support

287
Q

_______ diverged from ______ before roots appeared

A

Lycophytes
Tracheophyes

288
Q

______ increase surface area for photosynthesis

A

Leaves

289
Q

_____ and _____ were believed to have evolved twice

A

roots
leaves

290
Q

What are the two ways leaves evolved

A
  • Lycophylls
  • Euphylls
291
Q

Lycophylls

A

single vascular strands supporting small leaves

292
Q

Euphylls

A

branched vascular strands

293
Q

What leaves are found only in ferns and seed plants

A

Euphylls

294
Q

The earliest vascular plants lacked _____

A

Seeds

295
Q

Lycophytes (Club mosses) resemble

A

true mosses

296
Q

Lycophytes (Club mosses) have a dominant ______ stage

A

sporophyte

297
Q

Pterophytes have what two clades

A
  • Wisk ferns
  • Horsetails
298
Q

What do pterophytes require

A

They require free water for their flagellated sperm

299
Q

Pterophytes all form ______ and ________

A

Antheridia
Archegonia

300
Q

Antheridia

A

contain sperm

301
Q

Archegonia

A

contain eggs

302
Q

Where are whisk ferns located

A
  • Tropics
  • Subtropics
303
Q

What does the sporophyte generation of whisk ferns consist of

A

They consists of evenly forking green stems without roots

304
Q

Whisk ferns are the only gametophytes known to do what

A

develop elements of vascular tissue

305
Q

Horsetails have _____ living species that are homosporous

A

15

306
Q

What do horsetail sporophytes consist of

A

ribbed jointed photosynthetic stems that arise from underground rhizomes

307
Q

What do the horsetail stems contain

A

silica deposits

308
Q

______ are also called scouring rushes

A

Horsetails

309
Q

______ are the most abundant group of seedless vascular plants

A

Ferns

310
Q

Ferns have small _____ and even smaller ______ that are both ______

A

sporophytes
gametophytes
photosynthetic

311
Q

The gametophyte stage of a fern life cycle lacks _____ ______

A

vascular tissue

312
Q

The fern ______ has greater development, independence, and dominance than the fern’s ______

A

sporophyte
gametophyte

313
Q

Fern sporophytes have _____

A

Rhizomes (horizontal underground stems)

314
Q

_____ usually develop at the tip of the rhizome as tightly rolled-up coils called _____

A

Fronds
fiddleheads

315
Q

Frond

A

leaves

316
Q

Fern produced distinctive ______ in clusters called ____ on the back of the fronds

A

Sporangia
sori

317
Q

The fern spores germinate producing photosynthetic _______ that have ______

A

gametophytes
rhizoids

318
Q

The fern rhizoids are not _____ roots because they lack _____ ______

A

true
vascular tissue

319
Q

The sperm in the antheridia of ferns have ______

A

flagella

320
Q

When did seed plants begin to diversify from their seedless ancestor

A

319 MYA

321
Q

Seed plants evolved from

A

Progymnosperms (spore-bearing plants)

322
Q

What are successful attributes of seeds

A
  • Protects/Provides food for embryo inside seed
  • Can survive harsh periods before germinating
  • Enhanced dispersal of plant
323
Q

The embryo in the seed is protected by the ______

A

Integument

324
Q

Integument

A

An extra layer or two of sporophyte tissue protecting the embryo inside the seed

325
Q

Where does meiotic cell division occur in the seed

A

Megasporangium

326
Q

What does the megasporangium produce

A

Produces a haploid megaspore

327
Q

The ______ divided by mitosis in a seed

A

Megaspore

328
Q

What does the megaspore produce

A

Produces a female gametophyte that carries an egg

329
Q

What does the egg in a seed combine to produce a zygote

A

Combines with a male gamete (sperm)

330
Q

The single cell zygote in a seed divides by _____ to produce a young sporophyte or an _______

A

Mitosis
embryo

331
Q

What does the seed contain for the embryo

A

food

332
Q

Seed plants produce what two kinds of gametophytes

A
  • Male gametophyte
  • Female gametophyte
333
Q

A pollen grain is a ______ gametophyte carrying the ______ gamete

A

male
male

334
Q

How are pollen grains brought to the female gametophyte

A
  • wind
  • pollinator
335
Q

Do male gametophytes need water

A

No water is necessary

336
Q

Where does a female gametophyte form

A

within the seed

337
Q

What does a female gametophyte produce in the seed

A

an ovule

338
Q

The ovules are completely enclosed within additional diploid _______ tissue in ______

A

sporophyte
angiosperm

339
Q

What is the ovule and surrounding protective tissues called

A

an ovary

340
Q

What does an ovary develop into

A

develops into a fruit

341
Q

What are the five phyla of extant seed plants

A
  • Coniferophyta
  • Cycadophyta
  • Gnetophyta
  • Ginkophyta
  • Anthophyta
342
Q

What are the four groups of gymnosperms

A
  • Coniferophytes
  • Cycadophytes
  • Gnetophytes
  • Ginkgophytes
343
Q

_______ means “naked seed” because the seed develops on the ______ of the scale

A

Gymnosperm
surface

344
Q

______ lacks flowers and fruits

A

Gymnosperms

345
Q

______ produce flowers and fruits

A

Angiosperms

346
Q

What’s the most familiar gymnosperm phylum

A

Conifers

347
Q

What are examples of conifers

A
  • Pines
  • Spruce
  • Firs
  • Cedars
348
Q

Tallest living conifer vascular plant

A

Coastal Redwood

349
Q

Oldest living conifer tree

A

Bristlecone pine

350
Q

Where are conifers found

A
  • Colder temperatures
  • Sometimes drier regions
351
Q

What important products are conifers a source of

A
  • Timber
  • Paper
  • Resin
  • Taxol (treats certain cancers)
352
Q

More than _____ species of exist today, all native to the northern hemisphere

A

100
pines

353
Q

What are some distinguishing features of pines

A
  • Tough needle-like leaves
  • Thick cuticle
  • Recessed stomata
  • Canals on leaves
354
Q

What are the cuticle and recessed stomata on pine trees used for

A

used to reduce water loss

355
Q

What are the canals on the leaves of pine trees used for

A

To canals secrete resin that deter insects and fungal attacks

356
Q

What reproductive structures do pines have

A
  • pollen grains
  • Pine cones
357
Q

Pollen grains are the ______ gametophyte

A

male

358
Q

Pollen grains of pines develop from _______

A

Microspores

359
Q

Microspores are produced by

A

meiosis in male cones

360
Q

Where do female pine cones form

A

On the upper branches of the pine tree

361
Q

______ cones are larger, and have woody scales

A

female

362
Q

Where do the ovules develop on pines

A

on each scale of the female pine cone

363
Q

What do each ovule on a pine tree contain

A

megasporangium

364
Q

_______ is known as the nucellus on a pine tree

A

megasporangium

365
Q

The Nucellus is completely surrounded by the ________ that has a small opening towards one end called the _______

A

integument
micropyle

366
Q

Micropyle

A

a small opening at tone end of the integument

367
Q

what later becomes the seed coat on a pine tree

A

The integument

368
Q

What does a single megaspore mother cell within each megasporangium become after meiosis

A

It becomes a row of four megaspores

369
Q

How many megaspores break down in a pine tree

A

three out of the four

370
Q

One _______ slowly develops into a female gametophyte through mitosis

A

megaspore

371
Q

At maturity the female gametophyte may consist of thousands of cells, with _____ to ______ archegonia formed at the ________ end

A

two
six
micropylar

372
Q

Each ________ contains a large egg

A

Archegonium

373
Q

How long do female cones take to mature

A

Two or more seasons

374
Q

What happens during the first season to female cones

A
  • Scales open
  • Pollen grain is drawn out through the micropyle to the top of nucellus
  • Scales close
375
Q

When do the female gametophyte mature in a female cone

A

about a year after the first season

376
Q

What happens while the female gametophyte is maturing

A

A pollen tube emerges from a pollen grain at the bottom of the micropyle and slowly digests its way through the nucellus to the archegonia

377
Q

How much sperm does a mature male gametophyte have

A

two

378
Q

What happens 15 months after pollination in a female pine cone

A

The pollen tube enters the ovule through micropyle and discharges its contents

379
Q

What forms a zygote after the pollen tube discharges the contents

A

When one sperm unites with the egg it forms a zygote

380
Q

What happens to the second sperm and cells of the pollen after creating a zygote

A

The sperm and cells of the pollen grain degenerate

381
Q

_______ are slow growing gymnosperms

A

Cycads

382
Q

What environment do cycads live in

A
  • Tropical
  • Subtropical regions
383
Q

The female cones on cycads can weigh up to ______ kg

A

45

384
Q

The sporophytes of cycads resemble _______

A

palm trees

385
Q

_______ have the only gymnosperms with vessels in their xylem

A

Gnetophytes

386
Q

Gnetophytes contain what three genera

A
  • Welwitschia
  • Ephedra
  • Gnetum
387
Q

_______ have only one remaining living species

A

Ginkgophytes

388
Q

What remaining species does ginkgophytes have

A

Ginkgo biloba

389
Q

What features do gingkophytes have

A
  • Flagella
  • Dioecious
390
Q

Dioecious

A

Male and Female reproductive structures form on different trees

391
Q

_____ are a group of seed plants that are flowering plants

A

Angiosperms

392
Q

______ have ovules that are enclosed within diploid tissue at the time of pollination

A

Angiosperms

393
Q

What’s a unique angiosperm feature

A

They have a carpel

394
Q

Carpel

A

Modified leaf that covers seeds and develops into fruit

395
Q

The emergence of ____ changed the terrain of earth

A

Angiosperms

396
Q

What dominated earth before angiosperms

A
  • Ferns
  • Cycads
  • Conifers
397
Q

How did angiosperms expand so rapidly

A
  • Unique features
  • Flower production
  • Attract insect pollinators
  • Broad leaves with dense veins
398
Q

What was the oldest known angiosperm

A

Archaefructus Sinensis

399
Q

How old was the complete angiosperm fossil

A

125 MYA

400
Q

What did the fossil angiosperm lack

A

Sepals and petals to attract pollinators

401
Q

What’s the closest living relative to the original angiosperm

A

Amborella

402
Q

____ ____ _____ explains the presence of moss mitochondrial genes in the genome of amborella

A

Horizontal gene transfer

403
Q

_____ are considered to be modified stems bearing modified leaves

A

Flowers

404
Q

Flowers originated as a ______

A

Primordium

405
Q

What does the primordium develop into

A

Develops into a pedicel

406
Q

Pedicel

A

A bud at the end of a stalk

407
Q

The pedicel expands slightly at the tip to form the _____

A

receptacle

408
Q

What are the remaining flower parts attached to

A

Receptacle

409
Q

How are the other flower parts attached

A

Attached in circles (Whorls)

410
Q

Sepals

A

Outermost whorl

411
Q

Petals

A

Second whorl

412
Q

Stamens (androecium)

A

Third whorl

413
Q

Where are the male gametophytes and pollen produced

A

Stamens

414
Q

_____ consists of a pollen bearing ____ and a stalk called a ____

A

Stamen
Anther
Filament

415
Q

Gynoecium

A

fourth whorl

416
Q

Where are the female gametophytes housed

A

Gynoecium

417
Q

_____ consists of one or more carpels

A

Gynoecium

418
Q

What are the three major regions of the carpel

A
  • Ovary
  • Stigma
  • Style
419
Q

Ovary

A

swollen base containing ovules that can develop into a fruit

420
Q

Stigma

A

tip where pollen lands

421
Q

Style

A

neck or stalk of flower

422
Q

Double Fertilization

A

When a single diploid megaspore mother cell in the ovule undergoes meiosis

  • Produces 4 haploid megaspores
423
Q

What happens to the 4 haploid megaspores in double fertilization

A
  • Three of the megaspores disappear
  • Nucleus of remaining megaspore divides through mitosis
424
Q

Explain the formation of the female gametophyte (embryo sac) in flowers

A

1) Formation of haploid nuclei
2) Movement of nuclei
3) Formation of the egg cell
4) Synergids
5) Antipodal cells
6) Integuments become the seed coat
7) Female Gametophyte

425
Q

Explain step one in the formation of female gametophyte

A

Inside the ovule, one cell undergoes several divisions to produce 8 haploid nuclei These are organized into two groups of 4 nuclei

426
Q

Explain step two in the formation of female gametophyte

A

Two of these nuclei (one from each group) move to the center of the embryo sac becoming the polar nuclei, which may eventually fuse

427
Q

Explain step three in the formation of female gametophyte

A

cell closest to the micropyle becomes the egg, which will eventually be fertilized by sperm.

428
Q

Explain step four in the formation of female gametophyte

A

On either side of the egg, two cells called synergids form. These may help guide the pollen tube toward the egg

429
Q

Explain step five in the formation of female gametophyte

A

At the opposite end of the embryo sac , three cells called antipodal cells form. These have no known function in most plants

430
Q

Explain step six in the formation of female gametophyte

A

The surrounding layers of tissue, called integuments, will eventually develop into the seed coat

431
Q

Explain step seven in the formation of female gametophyte

A

The structure now consists of 7 cells and is called the female gametophyte or embryo sac. This structure is ready for fertilization

432
Q

Where does pollen production occur

A

Anthers

433
Q

The patches of tissue in the anther is composed of many diploid ______ mother cells that undergo ______, each producing _____ microspores

A

microspore
meiosis
four

434
Q

The binucleate microspores become _____ _____

A

pollen grains

435
Q

Pollination

A

mechanical transfer of pollen from its source to a receptive area

436
Q

Pollen grains can develop a ____ ____ that is guided to the embryo sac

A

pollen tube

437
Q

What happens to the pollen grain cell that lags behind

A

it divides to produce two sperm cells

438
Q

What happens in double fertilization in angiosperms

A
  • One sperm unites with the egg forming a zygote
  • The other sperm and the two polar nuclei unite
439
Q

What happens to the zygote in double fertilization

A

It develops into a embryo sporophyte plant

440
Q

What happens to the other sperm in double fertilization

A

Once the sperm and two polar nuclei unite they form a triploid primary endosperm nucleus

441
Q

What does the triploid primary endosperm nucleus do

A

Provides nutrients to the embryo

442
Q

In _____ development of the embryo is arrested soon after meristems and cotyledons differentiate

A

angiosperms

443
Q

Meristems and cotyledons

A

seed leaves

444
Q

Seed coat

A

The integuments and outer cell layers of the ovule become the seed coat

445
Q

What does the seed contain

A
  • Dormant embryo
  • Stored food
446
Q

How do seeds protect embryos

A
  • Maintain dormancy under harsh conditions
  • Protect the young plant
  • Provide food for embryo
  • Facilitate dispersal of embryo
447
Q

Most of the embryo’s metabolic activities cease when

A

a seed coat forms

448
Q

Germination takes place when

A

water and oxygen reach the embryo

449
Q

Can seeds remain viable for thousands of years

A

yes, some seeds of some plants can remain viable

450
Q

How do some seeds germinate when they lie within tough cones

A

They open when exposed to fire

451
Q

Fruits can be defined as

A

mature ovaries (carpels)

452
Q

Is it possible for fruits to develop without seeds

A

yes

453
Q
A

BIOL 1407 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions