Exam 2

Question 1

Metabolic rate

Answer 1

rate of heat production

Question 2

Metabolism

Answer 2

The sum total of processes occurring in a living organism

Question 3

What indicates a high metabolic capacity?

Answer 3

high capacity to consume and utilize O2

Question 4

Transduction

Answer 4

Conversion of chemical energy to other forms of energy

Question 5

Types of cellular work

Answer 5

mechanical
synthetic
chemical
osmotic
electrical

Question 6

Basic unit of heat measurement

Answer 6

Calorie (heat required to raise one gram of water one degree)

Question 7

How many calories in a kilocalorie?

Answer 7

1000

Question 8

Indirect calorimetry measures what?

Answer 8

Oxygen consumption

Question 9

What is a bomb calorimeter?

Answer 9

A device when food is ignited and burned in O2 under pressure. Determines the heat of combustion.

Question 10

Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

Answer 10

VCO2/VO2

Question 11

Why are direct calorimeters not usually used during exercise?

Answer 11

Expensive
Heat generated from ergometer may exceed that of the subject
Body temp increases because not all heat is liberated from body

Question 12

EPOC

Answer 12

“O2 Debt”
Excess post-exercise O2 Consumption

Question 13

Action potential

Answer 13

Brief electrical signal that travels along the membrane of a neuron or muscle fiber initiating a contraction in muscle

Question 14

Aerobic capacity

Answer 14

The body’s ability to consume and utilize oxygen for energy production

Question 15

Anaerobic threshold

Answer 15

The exercise intensity at which lactate production exceeds lactate clearance, leading to a rapid increase in blood lactate levels

Question 16

Basal metabolic rate (bmr)

Answer 16

The minimum energy expenditure required to sustain vital bodily functions at rest

Question 17

Calorimeter

Answer 17

The measurement of heat production or energy expenditure

Question 18

Concentric contraction

Answer 18

Muscle shortening during a contraction

Question 19

Cross-bridge

Answer 19

Temporary attachment between myosin and actin filaments during muscle contraction

Question 20

Eccentric contraction

Answer 20

Muscle lengthening during a contraction

Question 21

Energy expenditure

Answer 21

Amount of energy used by the body

Question 22

Excitation-contraction coupling

Answer 22

The sequence of events linking the electrical excitation of a muscle fiber to its contraction

Question 23

Fiber type

Answer 23

The classification of muscle fibers based on their contractile and metabolic properties

Question 24

Golgi tendon organ

Answer 24

Sensory receptors in tendons that detect muscle tension

Question 25

Hyperplasia

Answer 25

An increase in the number of muscle fibers

Question 26

Hypertrophy

Answer 26

An increase in the size of muscle fibers

Question 27

Isometric contraction

Answer 27

Muscle contra Aton without a change in muscle length

Question 28

Isotonic contraction

Answer 28

Muscle contraction with a change in muscle length under constant tension

Question 29

Motor neuron

Answer 29

A nerve cell that transmits signals from the brain or spinal cord to muscle fibers

Question 30

Motor unit

Answer 30

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innovates

Question 31

Muscle fiber

Answer 31

Single muscle cell

Question 32

Muscle fiber

Answer 32

Single muscle cell

Question 33

Muscle plasticity

Answer 33

The ability of muscle fibers to adapt their structure and function in response to various stimuli (training, disuse)

Question 34

Myofibril

Answer 34

A cylindrical structure within muscle fibers that contains contractile proteins

Question 35

Myofilament

Answer 35

The protein filaments within myofibrils, composed primarily of actin and myosin

Question 36

Oxygen consumption ( vo2)

Answer 36

Volume of oxygen consumed by the body

Question 37

Excess post exercise oxygen consumption (epoc)

Answer 37

Increased rate of oxygen you body consumes after exercise

Question 38

Respiratory exchange ratio

Answer 38

Ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen consumed during metabolism, providing an indication of fuel utilization

Question 39

Sarcolemma

Answer 39

The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

Question 40

Sarcomere

Answer 40

The basic contractile unit of a muscle fiber

Question 41

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 41

A network of membranes within muscle fibers that stores and releases calcium ions

Question 42

Size principle

Answer 42

The principle stating that motor units are recruited in order of increasing size, from smallest to largest

Question 43

Sliding filament theory

Answer 43

Explains muscle contraction as a result of the sliding of thin (actin) filaments past thick (myosin) filaments

Question 44

Summation

Answer 44

The additive effect of multiple muscle twitches

Question 45

Tetanus

Answer 45

A sustained muscle contraction evoked by a high frequency of stimulation

Question 46

Twitch

Answer 46

A single, brief contraction of a muscle fiber

Question 47

Ventilatory threshold

Answer 47

The paint during exercise at which ventilation increases disproportionately to oxygen consumption

Question 48

VO2 Max

Answer 48

. Max volume of oxygen a person can consume during intense exercise, reflecting their aerobic capacity