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Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

which 3 systems provide ATP for muscle contraction?

A

immediate energy
non-oxidative/anaerobic
oxidative/aerobic

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2
Q

Immediate energy system

A

Phosphagen system/ Creatine Phosphate
Little bit of ATP around within cell
Short term/high intensity

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3
Q

How long can the immediate energy system last

A

~30 seconds

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4
Q

Anaerobic system

A

breakdown of glucose and glycogen

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5
Q

how long does the anaerobic system last

A

30 sec - 4 minutes

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6
Q

Aerobic/Oxidative system

A

Oxidation of carbs, fat, and protein

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7
Q

how long does the aerobic system last

A

hours

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8
Q

Exercise physiology

A

the study of the human as a machine

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9
Q

What percent O2 is the atmosphere

A

21%

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10
Q

“first machine”

A

Prokaryotes
Solar energy > carbs > ATP > Mechanical energy
input: CO2
output: O2
Anaerobic

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11
Q

“second machine”

A

Eukaryotes
Food > ATP > Mechanical work

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12
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

mitochondria was its own cell, now symbiotic relationship with other cells

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13
Q

Why is multicellular better than single celled eukaryotes?

A

More surface area = more space for reactions

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14
Q

What type of feedback loop regulates homeostasis

A

Negative feedback loop

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15
Q

steady state

A

seemingly constant conditions
During exercise, certain functions have attained consistency at a new level
ex. heart rate or core temp while walking on flat land

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16
Q

what are metabolic pathways?

A

sequences of enzymes catalyzed chemical reactions that begin with initial substrate, progress through intermediates, and end with a final product

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17
Q

Catabolic

A

break down

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18
Q

anabolic

A

build up

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19
Q

hydrolysis

A

break down of molecules to release ATP

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20
Q

Glycogen

A

animal polysaccharide made up of glucose
carb storage form for animals

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21
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

in the muscles and liver

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22
Q

Glycogen synthesis

A

making glycogen from glucose

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23
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

break down of glycogen into glucose
starts at beginning of exercise

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24
Q

Glycolysis

A

glucose broken down in pyruvate
in cytoplasm
Produces ATP, Pyruvate, NADH

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25
Gluconeogenesis
creating glucose from non carb sources ex. lactate
26
Where are lipids stored?
adipose tissue intramuscular lipid droplets
27
What type of lipids are used to fuel exercise?
Free fatty acids
28
Saturated lipids
no double bonds between carbons solid at room temp animal products
29
Unsaturated lipids
at least one double bond "kink" Liquids at room temp plant oils
30
lipolysis
breakdown of triglycerides into FFAs and Glycerol In adipose tissue and cell
31
Lipases
enzymes responsible for lipolysis
32
Lipid hydrolysis
lipolysis requires 3 molecules of water
33
condensation
formation of molecules glycerol and FFAs join together and form 3 molecules of water
34
Protein functions
enzyme catalyst transport/storage mechanical support immune function
35
Factors that affect rate of enzyme catalyzed reactions
External conditions (pH, temp) Substrate concentration Allosteric regulation (activators/inhibitors) Covalent modification (turning enzymes on/off) Enzyme concentration
36
Temp on enzyme action
high temp = faster reaction until ~ 45º denaturation ~55º
37
pH on enzyme action
pH peak at 8 denatured at 5.5 and 10.5
38
substrate concentration on enzyme action
as substrate increases, enzyme activity increases until saturation is met Km = substrate concentration at half saturation (Vmax) Low Km =.more affinity High Km = low affinity
39
Isozymes
enzymes catalyzing the same basic reaction with different kinetic properties
40
Allosteric regulation
binding a substance to a site other than the active site which activates or inhibits enzyme activity Fine tune control
41
Covalent modification
turning enzymes on and off
42
Protein kinases
enzymes that control phosphorylation
43
Protein phosphatases
enzymes that control dephosphorylation
44
Glycogen phosphorylase
breaks down glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate
45
Increasing enzyme concentration
training increases enzyme concentration which speeds reaction rate
46
Thermodynamics (energetics)
physical science dealing with energy exchange
47
Bioenergetics
the science dealing with energetic events in the biological world
48
Why study bioenergetics?
the ability to do work dependson the ability to convert energy from one form (carb/fat) to another (ATP) and finally do work
49
True or false: energy is created.
False It is converted from one form to another
50
Are energy conversions 100% efficient?
No, significant energy lost as heat
51
1st law of thermodynamics
energy is transferred, not created or destroyed
52
2nd law of thermodynamics
energy transformations increase entropy (disorganization)
53
what kind of energy can be used to do work?
free energy (energy in an organized state)
54
The change in energy (enthalpy) in an exergonic reaction has two components...
Free energy (useful) Entropy (useless)
55
Endergonic reactions
require input of energy products contain more free energy than reactants
56
Exergonic reactions
release energy products contain less free energy than reactants
57
Coupled reactions
cells require constant inputs of free energy from environment to buck entropy and remain highly organized (endergonic and exergonic reactions work together)
58
requirements to return to ATP
must be able to yield energy to reactions requiring energy input must be able to receive energy from energy yielding reactions It is an energy donor and receiver
59
Reduction
molecule gains an electron (hydrogen)
60
Oxidized
molecule loses an electron (hydrogen)
61
reducing agent
donates electrons NADH FADH ELECTRON CARRIERS
62
oxidizing agent
accepts electrons NAD+ FAD
63
3 components of immediate energy system
Stored ATP (split by hydrolysis) Phosphagen system Adenylate Kinase (enzyme turns ATP to 2ADP)
64
Creatine kinase
hydrolysis that makes ATP from Creatine phosphate
65
red muscles are used for...
aerobic exercise red because more O2 ex. duck
66
White muscles are used for...
anaerobic exercise Less O2 high levels of phosphagen ex. chicken
67
Power
(Force x Distance) / Time
68
Work
Force x Distance
69
Glycogen Phosphorylase
enzyme that breaks down glycogen into glucose regulated by covalent modification (on/off)
70
Pyruvate pathways
1: reduced to lactate (anaerobic glycolysis) 2: pyrucate enters krebs cycle as acetyl CoA and be further oxidized in mitochondria (aerobic glycolysis)
71
Lactate dehydrogenase
reduces pyruvate to lactate NADH > NAD+
72
Products of krebs cycle
CO2 ATP NADH FADH
72
basic process of krebs cycle
Acetyl CoA is stripped of hydrogen atoms and electrons from those hydrogens are given to NAD or FAD Result: 36-38 molecules of ATP
73
Electron transport chain
series of protein complexes (cytochromes) in mitochondrial inner membrane
74
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative: passing protons and electrons from cytochrome to cytochrome to molecular oxygen Phosphorylation: union of Pi and ADP to make ATP
75
What limits exercise performance if you are asked to run faster and faster on a treadmill? Which systems are used?
O2 Intake limits energy Aerobic system works until no more O2 can be taken in, Aerobic system kicks in again but lactic acid builds up
76
Benefits as fat as fuel source
almost unlimited amount compared to carbs high energy per weight (9kcal/gram) Spares muscle glycogen
77
How fast are carb reserves depleted during exercise?
~ 3 hours for hard/moderate exercise ~ 8 hours for walking
78
Downsides to fat as fuel source
slower than carbs only aerobic more O2 is necessary
79
Mobilization
breakdown of adipose and intramuscular triglycerides
80
Circulation
transport of FFAs into muscles from the blood
81
Uptake
entry of FFAs in to muscles from the blood
82
Activation
raising the energy level of FFAs preparatory to catabolism
83
Translocation
Entry of activated FFAs into the mitochondria
84
Beta-oxidation
Catabolism of Acetyl CoA of activated fatty acids and the production of reducing equivalents inside mitochondrial matrix
85
Mitochondrial oxidation
krebs cycle and electron transport chain activity
86
Lipoprotein
surrounds FFA in blood b/c FFAs are hydrophobic
87
ergogenic aid
Performance enhancer ex. caffeine
88
Why if caffeine a good ergogenic aid?
Cyclists use is during race to delay the full use of their glycogen stores because caffeine stimulates lipolysis
89
With increasing intensity, the relative contribution of lipid as a fuel substrate _____ and the relative contribution of carbohydrates ______.
decreases, increases
90
intensity
burn fat first, the carbs as intensity increases
91
duration
burn carbs first, the fat as duration increases
92
2 Steps to protein metabolism
Deamination and Urea Cycle
93
Deamination
removal of an amine group before amino acid is used as fuel (carbon skeleton is used in oxidative metabolic pathways)
94
Urea cycle
Processes amine gorup to urea in the lliver for removal by kidneys

Exercise Physiology (3 decks)

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