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Exercise Physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

which 3 systems provide ATP for muscle contraction?

A

immediate energy
non-oxidative/anaerobic
oxidative/aerobic

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2
Q

Immediate energy system

A

Phosphagen system/ Creatine Phosphate
Little bit of ATP around within cell
Short term/high intensity

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3
Q

How long can the immediate energy system last

A

~30 seconds

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4
Q

Anaerobic system

A

breakdown of glucose and glycogen

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5
Q

how long does the anaerobic system last

A

30 sec - 4 minutes

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6
Q

Aerobic/Oxidative system

A

Oxidation of carbs, fat, and protein

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7
Q

how long does the aerobic system last

A

hours

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8
Q

Exercise physiology

A

the study of the human as a machine

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9
Q

What percent O2 is the atmosphere

A

21%

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10
Q

“first machine”

A

Prokaryotes
Solar energy > carbs > ATP > Mechanical energy
input: CO2
output: O2
Anaerobic

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11
Q

“second machine”

A

Eukaryotes
Food > ATP > Mechanical work

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12
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

mitochondria was its own cell, now symbiotic relationship with other cells

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13
Q

Why is multicellular better than single celled eukaryotes?

A

More surface area = more space for reactions

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14
Q

What type of feedback loop regulates homeostasis

A

Negative feedback loop

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15
Q

steady state

A

seemingly constant conditions
During exercise, certain functions have attained consistency at a new level
ex. heart rate or core temp while walking on flat land

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16
Q

what are metabolic pathways?

A

sequences of enzymes catalyzed chemical reactions that begin with initial substrate, progress through intermediates, and end with a final product

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17
Q

Catabolic

A

break down

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18
Q

anabolic

A

build up

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19
Q

hydrolysis

A

break down of molecules to release ATP

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20
Q

Glycogen

A

animal polysaccharide made up of glucose
carb storage form for animals

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21
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

in the muscles and liver

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22
Q

Glycogen synthesis

A

making glycogen from glucose

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23
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

break down of glycogen into glucose
starts at beginning of exercise

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24
Q

Glycolysis

A

glucose broken down in pyruvate
in cytoplasm
Produces ATP, Pyruvate, NADH

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25
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

creating glucose from non carb sources
ex. lactate

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26
Q

Where are lipids stored?

A

adipose tissue
intramuscular lipid droplets

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27
Q

What type of lipids are used to fuel exercise?

A

Free fatty acids

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28
Q

Saturated lipids

A

no double bonds between carbons
solid at room temp
animal products

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29
Q

Unsaturated lipids

A

at least one double bond “kink”
Liquids at room temp
plant oils

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30
Q

lipolysis

A

breakdown of triglycerides into FFAs and Glycerol
In adipose tissue and cell

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31
Q

Lipases

A

enzymes responsible for lipolysis

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32
Q

Lipid hydrolysis

A

lipolysis requires 3 molecules of water

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33
Q

condensation

A

formation of molecules
glycerol and FFAs join together and form 3 molecules of water

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34
Q

Protein functions

A

enzyme catalyst
transport/storage
mechanical support
immune function

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35
Q

Factors that affect rate of enzyme catalyzed reactions

A

External conditions (pH, temp)
Substrate concentration
Allosteric regulation (activators/inhibitors)
Covalent modification (turning enzymes on/off)
Enzyme concentration

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36
Q

Temp on enzyme action

A

high temp = faster reaction until ~ 45º
denaturation ~55º

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37
Q

pH on enzyme action

A

pH peak at 8
denatured at 5.5 and 10.5

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38
Q

substrate concentration on enzyme action

A

as substrate increases, enzyme activity increases until saturation is met
Km = substrate concentration at half saturation (Vmax)
Low Km =.more affinity
High Km = low affinity

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39
Q

Isozymes

A

enzymes catalyzing the same basic reaction with different kinetic properties

40
Q

Allosteric regulation

A

binding a substance to a site other than the active site which activates or inhibits enzyme activity
Fine tune control

41
Q

Covalent modification

A

turning enzymes on and off

42
Q

Protein kinases

A

enzymes that control phosphorylation

43
Q

Protein phosphatases

A

enzymes that control dephosphorylation

44
Q

Glycogen phosphorylase

A

breaks down glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate

45
Q

Increasing enzyme concentration

A

training increases enzyme concentration which speeds reaction rate

46
Q

Thermodynamics (energetics)

A

physical science dealing with energy exchange

47
Q

Bioenergetics

A

the science dealing with energetic events in the biological world

48
Q

Why study bioenergetics?

A

the ability to do work dependson the ability to convert energy from one form (carb/fat) to another (ATP) and finally do work

49
Q

True or false: energy is created.

A

False
It is converted from one form to another

50
Q

Are energy conversions 100% efficient?

A

No, significant energy lost as heat

51
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

energy is transferred, not created or destroyed

52
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

energy transformations increase entropy (disorganization)

53
Q

what kind of energy can be used to do work?

A

free energy (energy in an organized state)

54
Q

The change in energy (enthalpy) in an exergonic reaction has two components…

A

Free energy (useful)
Entropy (useless)

55
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

require input of energy
products contain more free energy than reactants

56
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

release energy
products contain less free energy than reactants

57
Q

Coupled reactions

A

cells require constant inputs of free energy from environment to buck entropy and remain highly organized (endergonic and exergonic reactions work together)

58
Q

requirements to return to ATP

A

must be able to yield energy to reactions requiring energy input
must be able to receive energy from energy yielding reactions
It is an energy donor and receiver

59
Q

Reduction

A

molecule gains an electron (hydrogen)

60
Q

Oxidized

A

molecule loses an electron (hydrogen)

61
Q

reducing agent

A

donates electrons
NADH
FADH
ELECTRON CARRIERS

62
Q

oxidizing agent

A

accepts electrons
NAD+
FAD

63
Q

3 components of immediate energy system

A

Stored ATP (split by hydrolysis)
Phosphagen system
Adenylate Kinase (enzyme turns ATP to 2ADP)

64
Q

Creatine kinase

A

hydrolysis that makes ATP from Creatine phosphate

65
Q

red muscles are used for…

A

aerobic exercise
red because more O2
ex. duck

66
Q

White muscles are used for…

A

anaerobic exercise
Less O2
high levels of phosphagen
ex. chicken

67
Q

Power

A

(Force x Distance) / Time

68
Q

Work

A

Force x Distance

69
Q

Glycogen Phosphorylase

A

enzyme that breaks down glycogen into glucose
regulated by covalent modification (on/off)

70
Q

Pyruvate pathways

A

1: reduced to lactate (anaerobic glycolysis)
2: pyrucate enters krebs cycle as acetyl CoA and be further oxidized in mitochondria (aerobic glycolysis)

71
Q

Lactate dehydrogenase

A

reduces pyruvate to lactate
NADH > NAD+

72
Q

Products of krebs cycle

A

CO2
ATP
NADH
FADH

72
Q

basic process of krebs cycle

A

Acetyl CoA is stripped of hydrogen atoms and electrons from those hydrogens are given to NAD or FAD
Result: 36-38 molecules of ATP

73
Q

Electron transport chain

A

series of protein complexes (cytochromes) in mitochondrial inner membrane

74
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Oxidative: passing protons and electrons from cytochrome to cytochrome to molecular oxygen
Phosphorylation: union of Pi and ADP to make ATP

75
Q

What limits exercise performance if you are asked to run faster and faster on a treadmill? Which systems are used?

A

O2 Intake limits energy
Aerobic system works until no more O2 can be taken in, Aerobic system kicks in again but lactic acid builds up

76
Q

Benefits as fat as fuel source

A

almost unlimited amount compared to carbs
high energy per weight (9kcal/gram)
Spares muscle glycogen

77
Q

How fast are carb reserves depleted during exercise?

A

~ 3 hours for hard/moderate exercise
~ 8 hours for walking

78
Q

Downsides to fat as fuel source

A

slower than carbs
only aerobic
more O2 is necessary

79
Q

Mobilization

A

breakdown of adipose and intramuscular triglycerides

80
Q

Circulation

A

transport of FFAs into muscles from the blood

81
Q

Uptake

A

entry of FFAs in to muscles from the blood

82
Q

Activation

A

raising the energy level of FFAs preparatory to catabolism

83
Q

Translocation

A

Entry of activated FFAs into the mitochondria

84
Q

Beta-oxidation

A

Catabolism of Acetyl CoA of activated fatty acids and the production of reducing equivalents inside mitochondrial matrix

85
Q

Mitochondrial oxidation

A

krebs cycle and electron transport chain activity

86
Q

Lipoprotein

A

surrounds FFA in blood b/c FFAs are hydrophobic

87
Q

ergogenic aid

A

Performance enhancer
ex. caffeine

88
Q

Why if caffeine a good ergogenic aid?

A

Cyclists use is during race to delay the full use of their glycogen stores because caffeine stimulates lipolysis

89
Q

With increasing intensity, the relative contribution of lipid as a fuel substrate _____ and the relative contribution of carbohydrates ______.

A

decreases, increases

90
Q

intensity

A

burn fat first, the carbs as intensity increases

91
Q

duration

A

burn carbs first, the fat as duration increases

92
Q

2 Steps to protein metabolism

A

Deamination and Urea Cycle

93
Q

Deamination

A

removal of an amine group before amino acid is used as fuel (carbon skeleton is used in oxidative metabolic pathways)

94
Q

Urea cycle

A

Processes amine gorup to urea in the lliver for removal by kidneys

Exercise Physiology (3 decks)

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