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Bio 210 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a cell?

A

Fundamental units of life

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2
Q

4 components of the cell

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. DNA
  4. Ribosomes
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3
Q

Prokaryotic

A

bacteria and archea (pre-nucleic cell/ mostly single celled)

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4
Q

Eukaryotic examples

A

Plants, fungi, protist and animals

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5
Q

Where is chromosomal DNA located?

A

In a nucleoid

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6
Q

Why do we have more prokaryotic cells?

A

Because they are simpler and more tolerable to change, while if eukaryotic cells go through a change they die off.

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7
Q

Why are prokaryotic cells so small?

A

Having the small surface area:volume ratio is more favorable for moving material in an out of the cell.

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8
Q

Glyco-

A

Contains sugar

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9
Q

DNA integrity:cannot change integrity

A

When copied the DNA doesn’t change

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10
Q

Which type of cells require a lot of energy?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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11
Q

Describe form/function of an organelle

A

It has an enclosed membrane in order to create a specific (and different) interior organelle

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12
Q

Where is the cytoplasm?

A

The region between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope

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13
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The largest organelle (10% of cellular contents); bigger itself than most prokaryotic cells.

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14
Q

What makes up the nucleus? remember fractions

A

2/3 chromatin (protein); 1/3 DNA

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15
Q

What is the nuclear envelope and what does it do?

A

A double membrane structure and forms the outermost portion of the nucleus

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16
Q

Where is the nucleolus?

A

The region inside the nucleus (where ribosomes are formed from RNA and proteins)

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17
Q

What are the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis (translation)?

A

Ribosomes

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18
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

An organelle that converts chemical energy to cellular energy

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19
Q

What is a peroxisome and what does it do?

A

A small rounded organelles by a single membrane and it breaks down fatty acids

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20
Q

What makes up centrosomes?

A

Consists of two centrioles that lie right next to each other

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21
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

Break down large biomolecules and even worn-out organelles. The “garbage disposal” and important to photosyntehsis.

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22
Q

What are plant cell walls made up of?

A

Prokaryotes which are made up of cellulose (has a rigid protective structure).

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23
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A

Gives plants their color

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24
Q

Compare/Contrast Animal and Plant cells.

A

Similarities: cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and smooth/rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Differences: Animal cells have centrosomes, lysosomes, and flagellum. Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a central vacuole.

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25
Q

What is the central vacuole?

A

‘Hypertonic’ referring to the amount of molecules inside the cell. It takes up the most space in plant cells.

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26
Q

What membranes make up the endomembrane system?

A

-nuclear envelope
-endoplasmic reticulum
-golgi apparatus
-lysosomes
-vesicles

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27
Q

What is one of the main functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

To de-toxicify our body

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28
Q

Sarco-

A

Muscle cells

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29
Q

What produces DNA?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

30
Q

What are the microtubules made up of?

A

Tubulin dimers: 13 chains of dimers surround central cavity of microtubule.

31
Q

What do microfilaments do?

A

Determine/stabilize shape. Involved in movement (whole cell or internal parts). Made from actin monomers.

32
Q

What do intermediate filaments do?

A

Anchors organelle like the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts in place.

33
Q

What do the cilia and flagella do?

A

Facilitate cellular movement. Cilia is shorter and more numerous.

34
Q

Describe the extracellular structures in plants (plant cell wall).

A

Support, barrier to infection, plasmodesmata.

35
Q

What are the 3 components of the extracellular matrix in animals?

A

-collagens/other fibrous proteins
-glycoproteins called proteoglycans
-linking proteins

36
Q

What do intercellular junctions do?

A

Provide direct channels of communication between cells

37
Q

What do tight junctions do?

A

Makes water tight seals between animal cells that prevent materials from leaking between cells (found in epithelial cells).

38
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Short proteins in the plasma membrane (cadherins)
ONLY PRESENT IN ANIMALS

39
Q

What do Gap Junctions do?

A

Connect animal cells, similar to plasmodesmata (set of six proteins).

40
Q

What are 3 functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  1. Defines outer border of all cells and organelle
  2. Maintain fluidity
  3. Receiving external signals and initiating cellular responses
41
Q

The phospholipid bilayer…

A

Arranges themselves in a bilayer when in an aqueous environment (Structure: polar heads face outward and hydrophobic tails face inward).

42
Q

What is the second major component of membranes?

A

Proteins

43
Q

What is the third major component of membranes?

A

Carbohydrates (oligosaccharide carbohydrates): located on the exterior surface of the plasma membrane.

44
Q

Receptor Proteins

A

Our immune system’s T cells have CD4 receptor glycoproteins that recognize HIV as “self”

45
Q

Describe unsaturated fatty acids

A

-some double bonds between the carbons that kink the tials
-packed loosely

46
Q

Describe saturated fatty acids

A

Filled with proteins because of single bonds

47
Q

How is membrane fluidity maintained?

A

It’s maintained in changing environments with the levels of saturation and cholesterol

48
Q

What is one of the main functions of the plasma membrane?

A

Transport; acts as a gatekeeper to molecules coming in and leaving

49
Q

What does selectively permeable mean?

A

The plasma membrane is very picky about what goes in and out. This is because it needs a very particular environment.

50
Q

What are the two types of transport?

A

Passive: requires no energy (molecules moves on its own).
Active: requires ATP energy (molecules doesn’t want to move on its own)

51
Q

What are the 8 factors that affect Diffusion rate?

A

1.Concentration gradients
2. Mass of the molecules
3. Temperature
4. Solvent Density
5. Solubility
6. Surface area and membrane
7. Distance travelled
8. Pressure

52
Q

What are the two types of facilitated transport proteins?

A
  1. Channel: lots of different ones depending on what that cell needs to do
  2. Carrier: changes shape when bound to molecule in order to transport.
53
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

54
Q

What does the TONICITY of a cell describe?

A

How full the cell is

55
Q

Hypertonic

A

Shriveled; H2O leaving the cell

56
Q

Isotonic

A

Normal; H2O leaving and entering the cell

57
Q

Hypotonic

A

Lysed; H2O enters cell

58
Q

Active Transport

A

ATP energy needed; moles work against the concentration gradient

59
Q

Electronica Gradient

A

Creates a difference between inside and outside charges of the cell

60
Q

What are the 3 types of carrier proteins?

A
  1. Uniporter
  2. Symporter
  3. Antiporter
61
Q

What type of transport is antiporter?

A

Primary active transport

62
Q

What type of transport is symporter?

A

Secondary active transport

63
Q

Endocytosis

A

Importing by bulk transports

64
Q

Exocytosis

A

Exporting by bulk transport

65
Q

What are 3 types of endocytosis?

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Pinocytosis
  3. Receptor mediated endocytosis
66
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cellular eating

67
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Drinks cells because water is being brought in

68
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Can choose what is eats and drinks; specificity

69
Q

What is the motive for passive transport?

A

Concentration

70
Q

What is filled with proteins because of single bonds?

A

Saturated lipids

71
Q

What contains less hydrogen because of double bonds?

A

Unsaturated lipids

72
Q

What are 4 components of the plasma membrane?

A
  1. Phospholipids
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. Proteins
  4. Chloesterol

Bio 210 (2 decks)

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