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OB > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Oogenesis

A

Type of meiosis
Egg/ovum formation

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2
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Type of meiosis
Sperm formation

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3
Q

When is an ovum considered fertile (how long)

A

For 24 hours after ovulation

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4
Q

Capcaitation

A

Removal of sperms protective coating

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5
Q

Acrosome

A

Cap on a sperm

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6
Q

Where does fertilization take place

A

Outer third of the fallopian tube

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7
Q

When does implantation occur

A

6-10 days after conception

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8
Q

Embryo vs fetus

A

Embryo before 8 wks
Fetus after 8 wks

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9
Q

How long is pregnancy

A

280 days after last period
266 days after conception

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10
Q

What marks the first day of pregnancy

A

First day of missed period

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11
Q

Membranes that surround the embryo

A

Chorion: Fetal side of placenta
Amnion: Outer portion

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12
Q

Embryonic period

A

3rd-8th wk after fertilization
Development of organ systems and external features
- Vulnerable to teratogens

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13
Q

Fetal period

A

Refinement of structure and function
Fetus becomes capable of extrauterine survival

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14
Q

Oligohydramnios

A

Low amniotic fluid
Less than 300 mL

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15
Q

Polyhydramnios

A

Excess amniotic fluid
More than 300 mL

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16
Q

ROM

A

Rupture of membranes

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17
Q

AROM

A

Artificial rupture of membranes

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18
Q

SROM

A

Spontaneous rupture of membranes

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19
Q

Wharton’s jelly

A

Gelatinous substance found in the umbilical cord that protects and insulates it

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20
Q

Yolk sac

A

Gives oxygen for first 4-5 weeks before placenta takes over

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21
Q

When is placenta done growing

A

12th week

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22
Q

Hormones that placenta secretes

A

HCG: Human chorionic gonadotropin (used in urine test)
HPL: Human placental lactogen
Progesterone
Estriol

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23
Q

Progesterone function during pregnancy

A

Relaxes smooth muscle (no contractions)

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24
Q

When is a fetus viable

A

Approx:
350-500g
21wks

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25
Q

What closes the shunts in the fetal circulatory system

A

Pressure from birth

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26
Q

Ductus arteriosis

A

Between aorta and pulmonary artery, bypasses lungs

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27
Q

Ductus venosus

A

Shunt in a fetus that allows oxygenated blood to bypass the liver and flow directly to the heart

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28
Q

Foramen ovale

A

Hole in the heart that allows blood to flow between the left and right atrium

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29
Q

When is surfactant made

A

36 wks

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30
Q

What are babies given if they are born before 34 wks and haven’t made surfactant

A

Steroids

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31
Q

When do most body systems develop

A

4-5 wks

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32
Q

When does fetal reproductive system start developing

A

7 wks

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33
Q

When does fetus respond to sound

A

24 wks

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34
Q

Faternal twins

A

Dizygotic
70% of twins

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35
Q

Identical twins

A

Monozygotic
0.4%

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36
Q

AMA

A

Advanced maternal age
35+ yrs

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37
Q

Funic souffle

A

Sound heard during pregnancy that’s in sync with the fetal heart rate
Caused by blood rushing through the umbilical cord’s arteries and is usually heard during the second trimester of pregnancy

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38
Q

Ballottement

A

Medical technique used to detect a floating object in a fluid-filled part of the body, such as during pregnancy

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39
Q

Primiparous

A

“primip”
A woman who has given birth once or is pregnant for the first time

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40
Q

Multiparous

A

“multip”
one who has given birth twice or more

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41
Q

Operculum

A

Mucus plug

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42
Q

What causes yeast infection in pregnancy

A

Lower pH

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43
Q

When does colostrum begin to develop

A

1st-2nd trimester

44
Q

Lactogenesis stage 1

A

First stage of the process of milk production in humans and occurs during the second half of pregnancy

45
Q

What acid imbalance is common in pregnancy

A

Respiratory alkalosis
Decreased lung expansion = increased RR, blowing off CO2

46
Q

What happens to blood volume and cardiac output during pregnancy

47
Q

What happens to BP during pregnancy

A

Stays the same or may decrease due to progesterone

48
Q

What causes constipation during pregnancy

A

Progesterone relaxation

49
Q

What hormone stimulates hyperpigmentation

A

Melanotropin: anterior pituitary hormone
- Increases during pregnancy

50
Q

Linea nigra

A

Dark vertical line that appears on the stomach during pregnancy

51
Q

Striae gravidarum

A

Stretch marks

52
Q

Angiomata

A

Vascular “spiders”
Visible arterioles

53
Q

Palmar erythema

A

Redness on palms
Caused by increased estrogen levels

54
Q

Pruritus gravidarum

A

Itching during pregnancy

55
Q

Presumptive signs of pregnancy

A

Amenorrhea (no period)
Nausea — with or without vomiting
Breast enlargement and tenderness
Fatigue
Poor sleep
Back pain
Constipation
Food cravings and aversions
Mood changes or “mood swings”
Heartburn
Nasal congestion
Shortness of breath
Lightheadedness

56
Q

Probable signs of pregnancy

A

Increased frequency of urination
Soft cervix
Abdominal bloating/enlargement
Mild uterine cramping/discomfort without bleeding
Increased skin pigmentation in the face, stomach, and/or areola
Positive hcg urine or blood test - could be other things

57
Q

Positive signs of pregnancy

A

Fetal heartbeat
Visualization of fetus (ultrasound)

58
Q

First trimester

59
Q

Second trimester

60
Q

Third trimester

61
Q

EDB

A

Estimated date of birth

62
Q

EDD

A

Estimated due date

63
Q

What is the most accurate assessment of EDB

A

Ultrasound

64
Q

When is HIV tested for during pregnancy

A

1st and 3rd trimester

65
Q

When is anatomy screening done

A

18-22 weeks
- Sex of baby is determined

66
Q

When is Rhogam given

A

26-30 wks antepartum
72 hours after delivery (if baby is Rh+)
Before blood mixing procedure

67
Q

When should prenatal care begin

A

After first missed period

68
Q

Multiple marker test

A

Blood test used to assess for Down Syndrome

69
Q

When is breastfeeding contraindicated?

A

HIV + status

70
Q

AMA

A

Advanced maternal age

71
Q

During first trimester what is a common change in sexual desire

A

Decrease due to nausea and fatigue

72
Q

Examples of operative deliveries

A

Forcep or vacuum assisted delivery

73
Q

S/sx for pregnant woman to immediately report to HCP

A

Vaginal bleeding
Rupture of membranes
Heartburn with severe headache

74
Q

Woman who gave birth 5 hours ago has saturated pad in 15 mins, what is the nursing intervention

A

Massage the fundus

75
Q

Nursing interventions for episiotomy

A

Perineal ice packs
Sitz bath TID
Stool softener

76
Q

Nursing intervention for swollen breasts

77
Q

What causes supine hypotension during pregnancy

A

Fundus pushing on superior vena cava

78
Q

When is it most important to get proper nutrients

A

First trimester
Critical time for embryonic and fetal development

79
Q

Foods with folic acid

A

Dark leafy greens
Beans
Peanuts

80
Q

What can not having enough folic acid in pregnancy lead to

A

Spina bifida

81
Q

Caloric changes throughout pregnancy (how many calories in each trimester)

A

Energy needs increase
1st trimester no change
2nd trimester +340 calories/day
3rd trimester +450 calories/day
Lactation +450-500 calories/day

82
Q

Normal weight gain

A

Underweight BMI: under 18.5
+28-40 lbs
Normal BMI: 18.5-24.9
+25-35 lbs
Overweight BMI: 25-29
+15-25 lbs
Obese BMI: over 30
+11-20 lbs

83
Q

Pattern of weight gain through trimesters

A

1st trimester: 2-4 lbs
2nd trimester:
Underweight to normal BMI: +1lb/week
Overweight/obese: +0.5lb/week

84
Q

Macronutrients

A

Proteins, Fats, Carbohydrates

85
Q

Protein needs during pregnancy

A

71g/day
Normal = 46g

86
Q

Fat needs during pregnancy

A

Saturated fat: Less that 10% of daily intake
DHA: Good fat, helps with fetal development, omega 3 fatty acid

87
Q

Carbohydrate needs during pregnancy

A

175g/day
No more than 45-64% of daily intake

88
Q

Micronutrients

A

Fat soluble: ADEK
Water soluble: Folate, Vit B6, Vit B12, Vit C

89
Q

Vitamin A

A

Important for development of heart, spine, eyes, and ears
Excess can cause teratogenic effects (heart, lungs, skull, eyes)

90
Q

Vitamin D

A

Helps with absorption and metabolism of calcium
Immune function
Comes from milk and sun

91
Q

Vitamin E

A

Supplement not recommended during pregnancy

92
Q

Vitamin K

A

Helps with clotting
Needed for the synthesis of prothrombin and clotting factors
- Green leafy vegetables

93
Q

Folate (amount)

A

Pre-pregnancy: 400mcg
During pregnancy 600mcg/day

94
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Important in RBC formation
- Milk, eggs, fortified soymilk

95
Q

Vitamin B6

A

Important for RBC, antibody formation, neurotransmitter formation

96
Q

Vitamin C

A

Tissue formation and iron absorption

97
Q

Recommended iron intake during pregnancy

98
Q

What helps absorb iron specifically

A

The acidity of Vitamin C
Take on empty stomach
Take with fruit juice

99
Q

Possible complications from caffeine

A

Miscarriage
IUGR - intrauterine growth restriction
LBW - low birth weight
Preterm birth

100
Q

Recommended caffeine intake during pregnancy

A

No more than 200mg/day

101
Q

Possible complications of artificial sweeteners

A

Metabolic dysregulation

102
Q

What is the concern with Pica

A

Eating ice or dirt may mean anemia

103
Q

Deficiencies common in vegans

A

Iron, zinc, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin B12, calcium

104
Q

Deficiencies common in gluten free diet

A

Folate (B9), thymine, niacin, riboflavin, iron

105
Q

What measurements are important to get during pregnancy

A

Height and weight for BMI

106
Q

What lab tests are important to check during pregnancy

A

Hematocrit or Hemoglobin to check for anemia

107
Q

Concern with pregnancy after bariatric surgery

A

Proper nutrient intake
Supplement with vitamins

OB (6 decks)

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