exam 2 Flashcards
The variable that is systematically manipulated by the researcher in an experiment to see whether changes in the independent variable produce reliable changes in the dependent variable. In applied behavior analysis, it is usually an environment event or condition antecedent or consequent to the dependent variable. (Sometimes called the intervention or treatment variable)
Independent variable
1.The temporal order of the 4-term contingency of positive reinforcement consists of:
Establishing operation -> discriminative stimulus -> response -> reinforcing
stimulus
Automatic reinforcement
Involves the reinforcement occurring independent of another person delivering it
. _______ reinforcers are established based on a history of pairing with established reinforcers.
Conditioned
Stimuli that do not require a learning history to acquire reinforcing qualities are known as
unconditioned reinforcers
. ______ can be used to experimentally verify whether stimuli identified as highly preferred do indeed function as reinforcers.
Reinforcer assessments
Arranging high-frequency (ie., high preference) activities to follow low-frequency (ie., low preference) activities is an application of
the Premack Principle
Behavior analysts reinforce people
false
A behavior is reinforced, not the person
True
The stimulus change responsible for the increase in responding is called:
Reinforcer
In addition to increasing the future frequency of the behavior it follows, reinforcement changes the function of antecedent stimuli
True
An antecedent stimulus that evokes behavior because it has been correlated with the availability of reinforcement is called a(n) ____.
Discriminative stimulus
Humans must be able to connect the behavior and the reinforcing consequence in order to be effective, due to their language ability. Other organisms do not need to connect the behavior and the reinforcing consequence.
False
A ____ is a conditioned reinforcer that does not depend on a current establishing operation for any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness.
generalized conditioned reinforcer
Removal and reduction of ongoing stimulation typically produce behavior that is called _____________ whereas postponement and prevention of stimulus presentation produce behavior that is called _____________.
escape; avoidance
To avoid shaping more dangerous escape-maintained behaviors in educational settings, the person intervening should:
do all of the above (varied teaching technique- not aversive, demand not too
difficult, demand not too easy)
According to Osborne’s 1969 study, Iwata indicated that free time could either be defined as the availability of preferred activities or the termination of non-preferred activities.
True
Positive reinforcement for compliance alone does not suppress avoidance-motivated self-injury.
True
When a student exhibits an undesirable, but not dangerous behavior when presented with a demand, it is recommended that you ignore the minor behavior and prevent escape in order to extinguish the behavior.
False
Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement both
produce an increase in future behavior
In negative reinforcement, the reinforcer is the
termination of the aversive stimulus
Negative reinforcement can be defined as:
A stimulus _______, contingent upon a response, which _______ the future probability of that response.
removed, increases
Which of the following is an example of a negative reinforcement contingency?
Jo is sitting near a window at Starbucks having a cup of coffee. The sun in streaming in the window, and it is too warm for Jo-she is beginning to perspire. Jo moves to another chair away from the window, where it is shady. The next time Jo goes to Starbucks, she sees the sun shining in the window again and sits in the chair in the shade instead.
The key difference between an escape contingency and an avoidance contingency is:
In an escape contingency the EO is present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior, while in an avoidance contingency, the EO is not present prior to the occurrence of the target behavior
The textbook describes a study by Ahearn and colleagues (1996), in which negative reinforcement was used to increase food acceptance in children. In this example, during baseline, bite acceptances produced access to toys and bite refusals produced removal of the spoon (negative reinforcement). During the intervention, bite refusals no longer produced removal of the spoon. Instead, the spoon was only removed if a bite was accepted. As soon as a bite was accepted and every time a bite was accepted, the spoon was briefly removed. Which factors that are important to consider for effectively changing behavior with negative reinforcement are illustrated in this example?
All of the above. (the stimulus change following the occurrence of the target behavior was immediate, the difference in stimulation prior to and after the response occurred was large)
The potential negative side effects (e.g. crying, running away) of negative reinforcement are similar to the side effects associated with:
punishment
Positive punishment can best be defined as:
Delivery of a stimulus after a behavior that decreases the occurrence of the behavior
Mrs. Mody decided that because Johnny dumped the contents of his glue container on the floor that he would not only have to clean up his work space, but clean the entire classroom floor. The punishment procedure that Mrs. Mody is using is called:
Restitutional overcorrection
A conditioned reinforcer is a punishing stimulus that has acquired its properties as a function of species history.
False
According to Sidman (1993), ineffective teaching produces and exacerbates problem behavior.
True
Punishment is defined neither by the actions of the person delivering the consequences nor by the nature of those consequences (e.g. time-out).
true
____________ has occurred when the frequency of responding has been decreased by the presentation of a stimulus.
Positive punishment
A(n) ____________ is a punishing stimulus that has acquired its properties as a function of species history
Unconditioned punisher
Which of the following could function as conditioned punisher (the other three are typically unconditioned punishers)?
A teacher
Which of the following is an example of an unconditioned punisher?
A schock
Which of the following is NOT a schedule of reinforcement?
Breaks
In which schedule of reinforcement is an individual reinforced every time a particular behavior occurs?
Both FR1 and continuous reinforcement
In what type of schedule are environmental arrangements developed in which some occurrences of a behavior will be reinforced and other occurrences of the same behavior will not be?
Intermittent reinforcement
The pitcher walks a baseball player every 3rd time up at bat. This is an example of what schedule of reinforcement?
A. FR 3
Reinforcement that occurs after an average of 5 correct responses is an example of what schedule of reinforcement?
Variable ratio
Reinforcement that occurs contingent on the first correct response after an average 5 minutes is an example of what schedule of reinforcement?
Variable interval
Two or more contingencies of reinforcement that operate independently and simultaneously for two or more behaviors constitute what schedule of reinforcement?
concurrent
What schedule presents two or more basic schedules of reinforcement associated with distinct discriminative stimuli for a single behavior class in an alternating, usually random, sequence?
Multiple
What schedule presents two or more basic schedules of reinforcement associated with distinct discriminative stimuli in a predictable sequence?
Chained
In what schedule is the conditioned reinforcer for one response the discriminative stimuli for the next response?
Chained
What non-discriminative schedule presents two or more basic schedules of reinforcement for a single behavior class in an alternating, usually random, sequence?
Mixed
Both an FI 5 and an FR 25 are in effect. The individual produces her 14th target response after 5 minutes and receives reinforcement. What schedule of reinforcement is she in?
Alternative
Both an FI 5 and an FR 25 are simultaneously in effect. The individual produces his 14th target response after 5 minutes but does not receive reinforcement until he produces 25 target responses. What schedule of reinforcement is he in?
Conjunctive
Social media has thickened the reinforcement schedule considerably. Logging in to Facebook to check how many people “like” your newly posted photo of a night on the town is an example of what schedule?
Variable interval
The effectiveness of timeout is largely determined by
Density and quality of reinforcement available in the time-in environment
Mrs. Smith placed Timmy in time-out because he refused to pick up his pencil to take his math test. Previous behavior assessments have demonstrated that the function of his non-compliance in math was typically escape maintained. Was this intervention appropriate?
No. The time-out environment is more reinforcing than the aversive math
exam. Placing him in the time out will likely increase this behavior on the next exam.
According to the matching law, as reinforcer deliveries increase along the x-axis, proportional increases in behavior are depicted along the y-axis.
true
By applying the matching law, you can utilize differential reinforcement without employing extinction on the inappropriate behavior.
true
Herrnstein found a near-perfect, ________ correlation between one unit increase in ________ with one unit increase in behavior.
Positive; reinforcement
Neef et al. (1994) described (4) reinforcer dimensions. What were they?
rate, quality, delay, and effort
___________ are all the topographical forms of the performance that have a similar function.
Response Class
________________ are stimulus changes after the behavior.
Consequences
A stimulus class has a common effect on behavior, but can vary based on their topographical properties
True
In a functional relation, the ______________ is the behavior that was changed.
Dependent variable
In a functional relation, the ______________ is the intervention
independent variable
Group of responses that produce the same effect on the
environment. (In other words, several behaviors that have the same function.)
Response Class
4 Term contingencies
antecedent, behavior, consequence, motivation
the occurrence of the behavior terminates the aversive stimulus. May lead to an increase in other undesirable behavior
Escape
the occurrence of the behavior prevents the presentation of an aversive stimulus.
Avoidance
completion of a constant number of responses
Yields high rates of responding. Often a “post reinforcement pause” occurs and known as a procrastination effect
-graph looks like stairs, break run
Fixed ratio
-completion of a changing number of responses
-Produces high rates of responding that is strong and steady
-line, Vegas rules, you never know, steady rate, gambling
Variable Ratio
-reinforces the first correct response after a changing amount of time
-Leads to steady rate of responding. The response rate is high when the average
interval is short and low when a longer interval is used
-steady but not as high
Variable Interval
is also called a secondary reinforcer. It is something that needs to be learned through pairings with unconditioned reinforcers.
Conditioned
is also called a primary reinforcer. These are reinforcers that do not need to be learned, such as food, water, oxygen, warmth and sex. These are all primary drives that we have for basic survival and if they are deprived in any way, gaining access to these reinforcers is very motivating.
unconditioned
speeding ticket, given a ticket
Positive punishment
removed a toy, clean their room
Negative punishment
pain, loud noise
Unconditioned
the word no, sad face, money, paycheck
Generalized conditioned
Applied Behavior Analysis is set apart from other disciplines devoted to the understanding and improvement of human behavior with respect to its:
-goals
-focus
-methodology
The term “applied” in ABA means that technology is applied to a research question.
False
S-R psychology is a paradigm for modern behaviorism. True or False?
False
Which of the following is not a component specified in the definition of ABA?
A. The focus is socially significant behavior
B. ABA seeks to produce statistically significant results
C. Procedures are derived from principles of behavior
D. ABA demonstrates a functional relation
-B. ABA seeks to produce statistically significant results
Different types of scientific investigations yield 1 or more of three levels of understanding phenomena under study which are:
-Prediction
-Description
-Control
Scientific “attitudes” as described by Skinner include:
A. Prediction, expert opinion, control
B. Description, experimentation, Analysis
C. Prediction, description, control
D. Experimentation, philosophic doubt, parsimony
D. Experimentation, philosophic doubt, parsimony
Behavior elicited by antecedent stimuli is referred to as:
Respondent Behavior
A reflex includes:
An eliciting stimulus and the behavior it produce
Operants must be defined in terms of:
A. their relationship to controlling variables
B. A set of contingencies
C. Their consequences
D. A and B
E. All of the above
E. all of the above
Behavior whose probability of occurrence is determined by its history of consequences is:
Operant behavior
Which of the following Is NOT part of the definition of behavioral
consequence:
A. It is an environmental change
B. It follows a given behavior
C. It alters the probability of future occurrences of the given behavior
D. The rate of the given behavior will immediately increase
D. The rate of the given behavior will immediately increase
When certain stimuli increase the future probability in a behavior when they are terminated immediately following a response, what has occurred is termed:
Negative Reinforcement
Which of the following Is NOT a component of the three-term contingency?
A. Antecedent stimulus
B. Perception of the stimulus
C. Behavior
D. Consequence
B. Perception of the stimulus
Differences is the way we respond to situations are primarily the result of:
Different histories of reinforcement
Respondent behavior is
Elicited by antecedent events
Although other fields aim to understand and improve human behavior, ABA distinguishes itself by its focus, goals, and methodology.
True or False?
True
Which characteristic of ABA refers to clarity in its methodology?
Technological
An intervention that is __________ will define the behavior change as it was derived from basic principles of ABA, not “a bag of tricks”
Conceptually Systematic
Which characteristic of ABA refers to the commitment to affecting improvements in behaviors that enhance and improve people’s lives?
Applied
Determinism is the assumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which phenomena occur because of other events. True or false?
True
Free will is compatible with determinism. True or false?
False
Results of experiments that show that specific manipulation of one event or the__________ produces a reliable change in another event, or the __________ and that change was unlikely due to confounding variables is an example of a(n) __________.
-independent variable
-dependent variable
-functional relation
__________ is a philosophical position that considers behavior events that cannot be publicly observed to be outside the realm of science; __________ attempts to explain all behavior, including private events such as thinking and feeling.
-methodological behaviorism
-radical behaviorism
Your sister can be an unconditioned punisher. True or false?
False
Reading a book is a response. True or false?
False
The words to the National Anthem are a response class. True or false?
True
__________ are all the topographical forms of the performance that have a similar function.
Response class
__________ refers to the physical shape or form of a behavior.
Response topography
A stimulus class has a common effect on behavior but can vary based on their topographical properties. True or false
True
The temporal order of the 4-term contingency of positive reinforcement consists of:
Establishing operation; discriminative stimulus; response; reinforcing stimulus
Arranging high frequency activities to follow low frequency activities is an application of
The premack principle
