Exam 2

Question 1

The most important invention which enabled engineers to convert continuous rotational motion to an oscillating or back and forth motion and made a mechanical clock working was:

Answer 1

The escapement

Question 2

What is the Astrolabe?

Answer 2

An astronomical instrument to find the position of celestial bodies, invented in the Hellenistic period but drastically evolved during the period.

Question 3

The Islamic translation movement, which preserved most of Hellenic and Hellenistic texts happened …………….., in an institute named ……………… located in ……………………

Answer 3

between 8th and 10th centuries AD / House of Wisdom / Baghdad

Question 4

In a period between the 12th and 15th centuries, the “knight” replaced the

Answer 4

the peasant solider

Question 5

What is the Antikythera mechanism?

Answer 5

An ancient Greek mechanical computer designed to calculate astronomical positions

Question 6

What were the main advancements in ship construction in Europe, especially in Iberia, during the last quarter of the fifteenth century?

Answer 6

Introduction of the multi- masted ships + reinforcement of the ship hull

Question 7

The mechanical clock was invented between:

Answer 7

13th and 14th centuries

Question 8

Technological Progress in ancient projectile machines - from a simple bow to the trebuchet- was an attempt to:

Answer 8

Only A and B (Overcome the heavy dependence on human muscle & To increase the range and effectiveness of projectiles)

Question 9

Islamic civilization combined three advantages which were very important in the history of the Middle Ages:

Answer 9

Providing a direct contact with the far east - Preserving Greek materials in science and technology - Perusing scientific inquiry

Question 10

After the invention of the heavy plow, European farmers faced to solve the problem of:

Answer 10

Traction, because it had more friction

Question 11

By the condemnation of 1277, the bishop of Paris:

Answer 11

condemned the teaching of more than 200 errors held by some Aristotelians

Question 12

What was the most important astronomical system developed in the Hellenistic period?

Answer 12

the geocentric model of Ptolemy

Question 13

In Europe, prior to the eighth century, warriors mainly fought on foot because:

Answer 13

They could not fight on the horse, because they didn’t know the stirrup

Question 14

When a technology reaches to and end point/bottleneck:

Answer 14

New ideas/innovations/ or a revolution happens and a major progress starts in that field

Question 15

Stereographic projection is:

Answer 15

a particular mapping that projects a sphere onto a plane

Question 16

Among the important technological developments in Europe around the 14th century were:

Answer 16

Massive use of cannons, Invention of the gunpowder, introduction of metalic vessels

Question 17

The first universities in Europe establish between:

Answer 17

11th to the 12th centuries

Question 18

He showed that the orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the sun at on focus of the ellipse:

Answer 18

Claudius Ptolemy

Question 19

Who was Thomas Aquinas?

Answer 19

A 13th century Christian theologist who tried to make a bridge between Christianity and the Aristotelian philosophy

Question 20

Before the 13th century the reckoning system in Europe was:

Answer 20

Roman numeral system

Question 21

The invention of the trebuchet

Answer 21

Was a result of trial and error, without having a knowledge about angular momentum

Question 22

Mark the correct answer:

A. Science is papyrophobic and Technology is papyrophillic.
B. Science is papyrophilic and Technology is papyrophobic
C. In technology, practitioners prosper by keeping their secrets to themselves, passing on knowledge through apprenticeship, limiting the spread of information through guild restrictions, and preventing at all costs the publication of their techniques.
D. Both B and C are correct
E. None of the statements are correct

Answer 22

Both B and C (Science is papyrophilic and Technology is papyrophobic & In technology, practitioners prosper by keeping their secrets to themselves, passing on knowledge through apprenticeship, limiting the spread of information through guild restrictions, and preventing at all costs the publication of their techniques.)

Question 23

Mark the correct statement:

A. The Military Revolution in Europe (15th century) shifted power from local feudal authorities to centralized kingdoms and nation-states
B. The Military Revolution in Europe (15th century) shifted power from land troops to the navy
C. The Military Revolution in Europe (15th century) shifted power from centralized kingdoms and nation-states to local feudal authorities

Answer 23

A. The Military Revolution in Europe (15th century) shifted power from local feudal authorities to centralized kingdoms and nation-states

Question 24

Which sequence is chronologically correct?

A. Hellenistic Period, Hellenic Period, Islamic Period, Roman Period, Military Revolution
B. Hellenistic Period, Islamic Period, Roman Period
C. Roman Period, Islamic Period, Hellenistic Period, Plato
D. Hellenic Period, Hellenistic Period, Islamic Period, European Agriculture Revolution, Military Revolution

Answer 24

Hellenic Period, Hellenistic Period, Islamic Period, European Agriculture Revolution, Military Revolution

Question 25

Why was Aristotle so important in ancient and medieval education?

Answer 25

Only A and B (He established a comprehensive system of philosophy & He wrote systematically about physics, metaphysics, poetry, zoology, music, logic, ethics, politics, rhetoric, government, and even theater)

Question 26

The pre-modern university curriculum - the Seven Liberal Arts - consisted of:

Answer 26

Grammar; Rhetoric; Logic; Arithmetic; Geometry; Music; Astronomy

Question 27

The first universities in Europe established:

Answer 27

11th and 12th centuries

Question 28

Medieval scholars in Europe:

Answer 28

they found conflicts between Aristotle and theology, and took different approaches to assimilate Aristotle into standard theology in a proper way.

Question 29

The first Medieval timekeeping devices:

Answer 29

Did not primarily tell time: they were simulating the motion of the sun, the moon, and the planets.

Question 30

The clock, as an accurate automatic machine was a manifestation of:
A. Determinable quantities of energy and standardization of time
B. Perpetual motion machine
C. Automatic action
D. All the above
E. Only A and C

Answer 30

Only A and C

Question 31

Before 1450, the three “mechanically minded” cultures were:

Answer 31

Muslims; Chinese; Western Europe

Question 32

Advances in communication and the migration of artisans in the second half of the 16th century caused:

Answer 32

A slow down in the technical advances

Question 33

In the Islamic fine technology one can find products related to two major categories:

Answer 33

Gardens, astronomy, Automata

Question 34

Muslim architecture is a combination of techniques and styles from _____, _____, and _____ presented in Islamic style

Answer 34

Hellenistic, Persian, and local traditions

Question 35

European societies in the Middle Ages:

Answer 35

had decentralized character