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Bio final > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

Information passes from DNA to RNA to protein

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2
Q

An anticodon would be found on which of the following types of RNA?

A

tRNA (transfer RNA)

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3
Q

During translation, the codon in mRNA is actually “read” by

A

The anticodon in a tRNA

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4
Q

Which of the following functions as a “stop” signal for a prokaryotic RNA
polymerase?

A

A region of the mRNA that can base-pair that can form a hairpin

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5
Q

Transcription is different from replication because:

A

Transcription uses different enzymes

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6
Q

The strand of DNA that is not transcribed is called ____ stand

A

coding

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7
Q

Messenger RNA molecules are copies of DNA; they travel to the ribosomes to
direct the assembly of ____

A

Amino acids

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8
Q

Humans and a bacterium make human insulin. How is this possible?

A

The human insulin gene was inserted into a bacterium’s genome, and
since the genetic code is nearly universal, the bacterium is able to
produce human insulin

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9
Q

All of the following are examples of shapes in proteins which are used to bind to
DNA except the

A

homeodomain

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10
Q

Gel ____ is a process that separates DNA or protein fragments according to
their size, by causing them to migrate within a gel in response to an electric field.

A

electrophoresis

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11
Q

Two strands of DNA that have been cut by an endonuclease can be sealed
together by a

A

Ligase enzyme

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12
Q

When an electrical current is applied during a gel electrophoresis procedure, the
DNA fragments are separated by

A

The size of the fragments

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13
Q

Eukaryotic organisms

A

Have their transcription occurring in the nucleus and translation in the
cytoplasm

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14
Q

As the two strands of DNA are unraveled, which enzyme relieves the strain on
the two stands?

A

DNA gyrase

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15
Q

If 14% of the nucleotides from a DNA molecule contain the base T, what percent
will contain the base G?

A

36%

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16
Q

If a short sequence of DNA is 5’-AATTGCCGT-3’, it’s complement is

A

3’-TTAACGGCA-’5

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17
Q

Genetic analysis indicates that an unknown organism contains a gene that
codes for a defective form of telomerase. Based on this information alone, you
can conclude that this organism

A

Is eukaryotic

18
Q

Messenger RNA molecules contain information that is used to synthesize ____

A

polypeptides

19
Q

Ribosomes are complex aggregates of

A

RNA and proteins

20
Q

Specific amino acids are attached to tRNA molecules by

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

21
Q

The template strand of a DNA segment that anticodons for mRNA has sequence
tRNA in codes would pair with the mRNA that is coded for by the sequence?

A

AUG CGU

22
Q

How does DNA polymerase differ from RNA polymerase?

A

Only DNA polymerase has a proofreading ability

23
Q

Nucleotides heavy phosphate group attached at the ____ carbon atom of the
sugar

A

5’

24
Q

If the sequence of bases in the template strand of a DNA molecule is 3’
ATCGTCC 5’. What is the sequence of bases in the RNA that is transcribed from
the molecule?

A

5’-UAGCGAGG-3’

25
Q

Splicing occurs in:

A

eukaryotes

26
Q

Crick and his colleagues proposed that the genetic code consists of a series of
blocks of information, called ____, each corresponding to an amino acid in the
encoded protein.

A

codons

27
Q

Gene ____ refers to a combined process of transcription and translation.

A

expression

28
Q

Which of the following is not true about eukaryotic DNA?

A

The entire molecule has encoded information for protein synthesis

29
Q

Given the sentence “THE FAT CATS EAT THE RED RAT,” which of the following
would represent a frameshift mutation?

A

THE FAC ATA TET HER ERD AT

30
Q

Which of the following is required formation of the transcription initiation
conflicts in eukaryotes?

A

Binding of a transcription factor to the TATA box, recruitment of
additional transcription factors, and recruitment of RNA polymerase II

31
Q

You’re working to characterize a novel protein in mice. Characterization of the
mRNA expression pattern revealed that the gene is highly expressed in brain,
muscle, liver, and pancreas. To determine the size of the corresponding protein,
you make protein extracts from each of the tissues. Using an antibody that
recognizes the c terminal portion of the protein, you perform an analysis that
allows you to visualize the extracted protein. Interestingly, you can detect the
protein and brain, muscle, and liver, but not the pancreas. Assuming your
extract and regions are good, and there are no human errors, what is the most
likely explanation for the result?

A

Alternative splicing in the pancreas yields a protein missing the portion of
the protein to which the antibody raised

32
Q

The most common form of regulation in bacteria and eukaryotes is

A

Transcriptional control

33
Q

Transcriptional control proteins increase the rate of transcription by binding to

A

Enhancer sequences within the DNA

34
Q

RNA polymerase bonds to sites on DNA called the

A

promoter

35
Q

A bacterial gene regulatory system is likely to have all of the following except

A

One or more introns

36
Q

Eukaryotic organisms

A

Have their transcription occurring in the nucleus and translation in the
cytoplasm

37
Q

Aging the code for protein was removed from a eukaryotic cell and inserted into
a prokaryotic cell. Although the gene was successfully transcribed and
translated, it produced a different protein than it produced in a eukaryotic cell.
What is the most likely explanation?

A

Eukaryotic genes often contain introns while prokaryotic genes do not

38
Q

How many tRNA binding sites in the ribosome?

A

3 (EPA)

39
Q

State the three modifications that occur in eukaryotic transcripts

A

Splicing, Poly-A tail, 5G Cap

40
Q

Cancer can be caused by mutations. Genetic analysis of a tumor found in a
patient shows that the cell proliferation was triggered by somatic mutation and
the MYC gene, causing this gene to be inappropriately activated. The patients
concerned about passing this cancer onto the children she plants have in the
future. Should she be concerned? Explain

A

No, somatic mutations cannot be passed down

Bio final (4 decks)

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