Exam 2 Flashcards by Julia Gumirov

What are the 2 big categories that make up the proencephalon (forebrain)?

1) telencephalon
2) diencephalon

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What makes up the telencephalon?

L/R cerebral hemispheres

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What 3 structures that make up the diencephalon?

1) thalamus
2) epithalamus
3) hypothalamus

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What brain structure makes melatonin and is found in the epithalamus?

Pineal gland

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Where is the infundibular stalk and pituitary gland found?

Off of the hypothalamus

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What are the 2 big categories that make up the brain stem?

1) mesencephalon (midbrain)
2) rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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What are the 2 subdivisions of the rhombencephalon?

1) Metencephalon (afterbrain)
2) myelencephalon (spinal brain)

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What 2 structures make up the metencephalon (afterbrain)?

Pons and cerebellum

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What makes up the myelencephalon (spinal brain)?

Medulla

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What are the 2 notches on the brain?

Pre-occipital notch and posterior cerebellar notch

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What are shallow grooves called?

Sulci

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What are the 2 main sulci of the brain?

Central and lateral sulcus

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What are deep grooves called?

Fissures

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What are the 2 main fissures of the brain?

Longitudinal and transverse fissure

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What are the 2 main gyri (elevations, convolutions) of the brain?

Precentral (motor cortex) gyrus and postcentral (somatosensory cortex) gyrus

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What are lobules?

Area of brain larger than gyri but smaller than lobes

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What are the 5 structural lobes of the brain?

1) frontal
2) parietal
3) occipital
4) temporal
5) insular

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What is the functional lobe of the brain?

Limbic lobe

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What is the function of the limbic lobe?

Integrates emotions with memory and learning

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What does the central sulcus divide?

Frontal and parietal lobes

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Where is the precentral gyrus (motor cortex) found?

Frontal lobe

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Where is the postcentral gyrus (somatosensory cortex) found?

Parietal lobe

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Where is the insular lobe found?

Deep within the lateral sulcus (aka sylvian fissure)

What are the 2 layers of the dura mater and what is found within each layer?

1) periosteal (endosteal) layer
-dural venous sinuses

2) meningeal layer
-subdural space

Which space is found within the arachnoid mater?

Subarachnoid space

Which space contains CSF?

Subarachnoid space

Besides CSF, what is found within the subarachnoid space?

Arachnoid trabeculae (threads of CT) and arachnoid granulations (extensions of subarachnoid space into dural venous sinuses for return of CSF to bloodstream)

Which part of the meninges has direct contact with the brain and spinal cord?

Pia mater

What makes up the dural (thecal) sac?

Dura mater and arachnoid mater

What is the dural septa?

Fold of meningeal layer of dura mater into brain (contains dural venous sinuses)

What are the 4 dural septa?

1) falx cerebri > longitudinal fissure 2) falx cerebell > posterior cerebellar notch 3) tentorium cerebelli > transverse fissure 4) diaphragma sellae (covers pituitary gland in sella tursica of sphenoid bone)

The pia mater has 21 pairs of __________ ligaments that extend outward. They emerge between the dorsal and ventral rootless of spinal cord to the dural sac

dentate

CSF is produced in the roofs of ventricles by the….

Choroid plexus

What are the largest ventricles and where are they located?

R/L lateral ventricles are the largest, they are C shaped and located in the cerebral hemispheres

Where is the 3rd ventricle?

In a space/cleft between the thalami

The 4th ventricle is located posterior to the _______________ in the ________________ which is the floor

pons and medulla, rhomboid fossa

The CSF may leave the 4th ventricle via 2 lateral apertures of Luschka and 1 median aperture of Magendie and enter the cisterna magna (“large bowl”), or continue down the…

central canal of spinal cord

The cisterna magna is continuous with what space?

Subarachnoid space

CSF is returned to the blood stream through dural venous sinuses by….

Arachnoid granulations

Arachnoid granulations are extensions of the subarachnoid space into the….

Dural venous sinuses

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves. Are they a part of the CNS or PNS?

PNS

All cranial nerves extend from the brainstem expect 3 of them: _____________ from forebrain, and the spinal part of ________ from spinal cord C1-C5

CN I and II, CN XI

What are the 2 primary suppliers of arterial (oxygenated) blood to the brain?

1) vertebral arteries 2) internal carotid arteries

The vertebral arteries are a direct branch of _____________ arteries, which enter the transverse foramina of C6-C1, and then enter foramen magnum

subclavian

The internal carotid arteries enter the carotid canal, give off ophthalmic a. branch to eyes, before terminating at the Circle of Willis by dividing into 3 branches. What are the 3 branches?

1) anterior cerebral a. 2) middle cerebral a. 3) posterior communicating a.

The cerebral arterial circle is located at the base of the diencephalon and encircles the...

optic chiasm and hypothalamus

The actual circle of the cerebral arterial circle is formed by what arteries?

1) anterior communicating a. 2) anterior cerebral a. 3) posterior communicating a. 4) posterior cerebral a.

The cerebral artery circulation is divided into 3 regions. What are they?

vertebral, basilar, and internal carotid arteries each with 3 major branches

The _________________ a. is usually a branch of the anterior inferior cerebellar a, however, may sometimes be a direct branch off the basilar a.

labyrinthine

Greater petrosal sinus + transverse sinus = ? test q

sigmoid sinus

Inferior petrosal sinus + sigmoid sinus = ? test q

IJV

The cavernous sinuses are located in the _________________- the dural septa which covers the pituitary in the sella tursica

diaphragma sellae

The confluence (gathering) of sinuses is where the superior, sagittal, straight, transverse, and occipital sinuses unite at the....

internal occipital protuberance

IJVs are the primary way venous (deoxygenated) blood leaves the....

intracranial cavity

IJV exits the skull through the jugular foramen along with CNs ______________

IX, X, and XI

What are the 3 intracranial friends?

1) labyrinthine a. 2) CN VII (facial n.) 3) CN VIII (vestibulocochlear n.)

The labyrinthine a. along with CN VII (facial n.) and CN VIII (vestibulocochlear n.) course through the ____________________________ to enter the inner ear ("labyrinth")

internal acoustic meatus