Exam 2 Flashcards by Jlee Seig

Cellular respiration is the process by which:

a. oxygen is produced during metabolic activity.

b. ATP molecules are converted into water and sugar.

c. oxygen is used to transport chemical energy throughout the body.

d. light energy is converted into kinetic energy.

e. energy from the chemical bonds of food molecules is captured by an organism.

energy from the chemical bonds of food molecules is captured by an organism.

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Which of these is a cellular characteristic of all eukaryotes?

a. a cell wall

b. a nuclear membrane

c. a nucleoid

d. few to no proteins associated with the DNA

e. few to no organelles in the cytoplasm

a nuclear membrane

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Sperm cells are the only type of cell in animals that have:

a. cilia.

b. a flagellum.

c. pili.

d. cytoplasm.

e. genetic material.

a flagellum.

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Which organelle is not found in both plant and animal cells?

a. nucleus

b. Golgi apparatus

c. mitochondrion

d. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

e. central vacuole

central vacuole

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Which organelle is responsible for degrading waste within the cell?

a. golgi apparatus

b. lysosome

c. endoplasmic reticulum

d. ribosome

e. chloroplast

lysosome

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Why does the citric acid cycle only operate in the presence of oxygen?

a. Oxygen must combine with carbon to form carbon dioxide.

b. Oxygen allows the electron transport chain to receive electrons from NADH and FADH2, and to recycle NAD+ and FAD back to the citric acid cycle.

c. Oxygen accepts the ATP from glycolysis so that it can be recycled.

d. Oxygen is added in the form of water to the citric acid cycle.

e. Oxygen allows the electron transport chain to receive electrons from NAD+ and FAD, and to recycle NADH and FADH2 back to the citric acid cycle.

Oxygen allows the electron transport chain to receive electrons from NADH and FADH2, and to recycle NAD+ and FAD back to the citric acid cycle.

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If the solution surrounding a cell contains more solute than the cytoplasm inside the cell, the outside solution is said to be:

a. isotonic.

b. hypotonic.

c. distilled.

d. hypertonic.

e. a solute.

hypertonic.

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What are the outputs of the process of photosynthesis?

a. oxygen, water, and ATP

b. carbon dioxide, sugar, and water

c. oxygen and sugar

d. ATP and sugar

e. ATP and water

oxygen and sugar

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The original source of electrons to replace the excited electron passed by chlorophyll a to the electron transport chain in the first photosystems is:

a. 02.

b. CO2

C. NADPH.

d. ATP.

e. H2O.

H2O.

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What are the inputs to the process of photosynthesis?

a. sunlight, oxygen, and sugar

b. sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide

c. carbon dioxide and water

d. water and carbon dioxide

e. water and sugar

sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide

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The _____ is the largest structure in eukaryotic cells. It is surrounded by a membrane structure that consists of two _____.

a. nucleolus, pores

b. nucleus, bilayers

c. mitochondrion; pores

d. lysosome, molecules

e. chromatin; bilayers

nucleus, bilayers

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The primary site of protein assembly within cells is/are the:

a. capsule.

b. cytoplasm.

c. cell wall.

d. ribosomes.

e. flagellum.

ribosomes.

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An inherited disease results from abnormal mitochondria passed from mother to child. Using your knowledge of mitochondria’s function within human cells, which statement is the most likely description of the symptoms of this disease?

a. extreme sensitivity to ultraviolet light, resulting in skin cancer at a very young age

b. inability to absorb iron, resulting in extreme anemia

c. extreme muscle weakness

d. fragile bones and arthritis

e. color-blindness

extreme muscle weakness

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The molecules of the mitochondrial electron transport chain are located:

a. in the stroma.

b. in the mitochondrial matrix.

c. in the intermembrane space.

d. within in the inner membrane.

e. in the cytoplasm.

within in the inner membrane.

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In chronological order, the three steps of the Calvin cycle are:

a. ATP production, the electron transport chain, and fixation of NADPH.

b. sugar creation, regeneration, and ATP production.

c. the splitting of water, the electron transport chain, and the passing of electrons to NADP+.

d. fixation of CO2, sugar creation, and regeneration.

e. regeneration, fixation of NADP+, and sugar creation.

fixation of CO2, sugar creation, and regeneration.

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A prokaryotic cell lacks:

a. a cytoplasm.

b. a nucleus.

c. replicator molecules (i.e., DNA or RNA).

d. a cell membrane.

e. a metabolism.

a nucleus.

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Which statement about mitochondria is true?

a. Mitochondria are found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

b. There tend to be more mitochondria in fat cells than in liver cells.

c. Most plant cells contain mitochondria.

d. Mitochondria may have originated evolutionarily as photosynthetic bacteria.

e. Red blood cells contain the most mitochondria of any cells in the human body.

Most plant cells contain mitochondria.

What is the function of the pigment molecules in photosynthesis that are not at the center of a photosystem?

a. They split water and release oxygen to the reaction-center chlorophyll.

b. They gather photons and transfer energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll.

c. They synthesize ADP from ATP and a phosphate group.

d. They concentrate the photons within the stroma.

e. They move the electrons down the electron-transport chain.

They gather photons and transfer energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll.

After the citric acid cycle, all of the carbon atoms from the original glucose molecule are:

a. taken into NADH

b. taken into ATP.

c. released as carbon dioxide.

d. recycled back to glycolysis

e. donated to NAD+

released as carbon dioxide.

Which statement is true about the type of light used by plants to make sugar during photosynthesis?

a. Its wavelength is similar to X rays.

b. Its wavelength is similar to radio waves.

c. It comes from within the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

d. It is infrared.

e. It is very high energy with long wavelengths.

It comes from within the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Beer, wine, and spirits are produced as the result of cellular metabolism by:

a. bacteria occurring in the absence of free electrons

b. yeast occurring in the absence of oxygen.

c. yeast occurring in the absence of free electrons.

d. bacteria occurring in the absence of oxygen.

e. pyruvate occurring in the absence of oxygen.

yeast occurring in the absence of oxygen.

Which structures is(are) not present in the cell membrane?

a. a double layer of phospholipids

b. transport proteins that form channels through the phospholipid bilayer

c. peripheral proteins on the inner and outer surface

d. a rigid matrix of actin and tubulin fibers

e. carbohydrates attached to peripheral proteins

a rigid matrix of actin and tubulin fibers

Which by-product of photosynthesis is used for aerobic respiration?

a. methane

b. oxygen

c. carbon dioxide

d. nitrogen

e. fructose

oxygen

Biologically speaking, a pigment is a:

a. molecule that absorbs a photon.

b. molecule that releases oxygen.

c. molecule that absorbs carbon dioxide.

d. cell that absorbs a photon.

e. cell that fixes carbon.

molecule that absorbs a photon.

The transport of large molecules into the cell, across the membrane, is accomplished via: a. passive transport. b. endocytosis c. active transport. d. facilitated diffusion. c. exocytosis.

endocytosis

The inputs of cellular respiration are oxygen and sugar, the outputs of cellular respiration are: a. carbon dioxide, glucose, and fructose. b. water and energy in the form of ADP. c. water, glucose, and sucrose. d. carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. e. ATP and methane.

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

The structures labeled "F" are _____ and are involved in lipid synthesis. a. mitochondria b. Golgi bodies c. lysosomes d. smooth endoplasmic reticula e. rough endoplasmic reticula

smooth endoplasmic reticula

Which statement about glycolysis is false? a. It results in the oxidation of glucose. b. It requires oxygen. c. It occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. d. It generates ATP. e. It leads to the formation of pyruvate.

It requires oxygen.

Which gas is used by plants to produce molecules that make up organic molecules and plant structures? a. oxygen b. methane c. chlorophyll d. carbon dioxide e. NADPH

carbon dioxide

What makes the rough endoplasmic reticulum rough? a. It is covered with cilia. b. It is covered with ribosomes. c. Its surface is highly folded to increase surface area. d. It is covered with tiny flagella. e. It has a high density of receptor proteins in its membrane.

It is covered with ribosomes.

During fermentation, yeast cells convert pyruvate to ethanol and CO2. Fermentation also occurs in human muscle cells when oxygen is depleted. In the case of muscle cells, what are the by-product(s) of the fermentation of pyruvate? a. oxygen and ATP b. ethanol and CO2 c. lactic acid d. ATP and NADH e. sugars and proteins

lactic acid

You measure the concentration of a polar molecule inside and outside of a cell. You find that the concentration is high and gradually increasing inside the cell. You also measure the ATP concentration inside the cell and find that it is dropping. Your best hypothesis for the process that is occurring would be: a. active transport. b. facilitated diffusion. c. passive transport. d. simple diffusion. e. endocytosis

active transport.

Nuclear _____ are specialized holes in the _____-layered nuclear envelope that separates the nucleus from the _____. a. passageways; one; cytoplasm b. vesicles, three; endoplasmic reticulum c. pores; two; cytoplasm d. pores; one; endoplasmic reticulum e. vesicles, two; cytoplasm

pores; two; cytoplasm

Which statement is false regarding the phosphate groups in ATP? a. They release energy when separated from the rest of the molecule. b. They are negatively charged. c. They contain low energy bonds. d. The bonds between them are unstable. e. They hold a significant amount of stored energy.

They contain low energy bonds.

Which cell connection is correctly paired with its function? a. desmosomes: form a water-tight seal between cells b. tight junctions: join cells together but allow fluid to pass around them c. gap junctions: prevent fluid flow between cells d. tight junctions: act like Velcro to fasten cells together e. gap junctions: allow salts, amino acids, and other materials to pass between cells

gap junctions: allow salts, amino acids, and other materials to pass between cells

Chlorophyll B and the carotenoids are important as receptors of light energy because they: a. can absorb green and yellow light. b. have their own photosystems. c. respond to wavelengths different from the wavelengths that chlorophyll a responds to. d. can respond to infrared and ultraviolet light. c. transform this energy into chemical energy.

respond to wavelengths different from the wavelengths that chlorophyll a responds to.

Which of these is an important difference between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? a. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site of much protein folding and packaging, whereas the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the site of lipid synthesis. b. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the site of protein synthesis, folding, and packaging, whereas the rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site of lipid synthesis. c. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with chloroplasts, whereas the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is not. d. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is covered in cilia, whereas the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is not. e. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site of lipid synthesis, whereas the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the site of digestion and recycling of cellular waste.

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is the site of much protein folding and packaging, whereas the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the site of lipid synthesis.

Energy used in cellular respiration can originate from: a. carbohydrates only. b. proteins only. c. carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. d. carbohydrates and fats only. e. proteins and carbohydrates only.

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

What is the function of the electrons carried to the electron transport chain by NADH and FADH2? a. to capture the energy from protons being pumped across the membrane b. to release the energy stored in ATP molecules from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle c. to provide the energy that pumps protons across the inner membrane of a mitochondrion d. to cycle back to the citric acid cycle to make more NAD+ and FAD e. to cycle back to glycolysis to produce more NADH and ATP molecules

to provide the energy that pumps protons across the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

Which of these is NOT a form of kinetic energy? a. a cyclist pushing the pedals of a bike b. a condor flapping its wings c. a ball rolling down a hill d. covalent bond linking phosphate molecules e. a runner, sprinting toward the finish line

covalent bond linking phosphate molecules