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Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Choose the term that best fits this definition: “Anything that involves moving matter against an opposing force.”

a. work
b. potential energy
c. kinetic energy
d. chemical energy
e. energy

A

work

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2
Q

What is the source of the electrons that replace those lost by reaction center chlorophyll a in the photosystems?

a. oxygen gas
b. carbon dioxide
c. chlorophyll b
d. carotenoids
e. water

A

water

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3
Q

Which statement best describes the transition from glycolysis to the citric acid cycle?

a. Pyruvate stays in the cytoplasm, but inside the mitochondria a new molecule known as coenzyme A is utilized, and the citric acid cycle begins.
b. Pyruvate directly enters into the citric acid cycle in the cytoplasm because NADH triggers the cycle to begin.
c. Pyruvate leaves the cytoplasm and moves into the mitochondria. Before entering into the citric acid cycle, pyruvate is modified and interacts with coenzyme A, forming acetyl-CoA, which is then used in the citric acid cycle.
d. Pyruvate is turned into lactic acid, which, in turn, is taken up by the citric acid cycle in the mitochondria.
e. Pyruvate leaves the cytoplasm and is transferred into the mitochondria. The citric acid cycle then begins, starting with pyruvate

A

Pyruvate leaves the cytoplasm and moves into the mitochondria. Before entering into the citric acid cycle, pyruvate is modified and interacts with coenzyme A, forming acetyl-CoA, which is then used in the citric acid cycle.

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4
Q

True or False: There is no apparent downside to using biofuels as an alternative to fossil fuels.

a. True
b. False

A

False

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5
Q

Which molecule can act as an alternative electron acceptor in animals in the absence of oxygen?

a. oxaloacetate
b. hydrogen
c. nitrogen
d. pyruvate
e. acetyl-CoA

A

pyruvate

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6
Q

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can:

a. be stored.
b. change forms.
c. be lost.
d. be used for work.
e. become disordered.

A

change forms

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7
Q

Glycolysis is the process by which glucose is broken down into pyruvate. How many total chemical reactions are involved in this process?

a. ten
b. twelve
c. sixteen
d. eight
e. six

A

ten

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8
Q

Which of these is the best example of a type of energy that results from the conversion of solar energy?

a. chemical energy in the bonds of the molecules that make up plant tissues
b. carbon dioxide used in photosynthesis
c. oxygen used in cellular respiration
d. carbon in the atmosphere
e. mineral nutrients for plants

A

chemical energy in the bonds of the molecules that make up plant tissues

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9
Q

Chlorophyll a absorbs blue-violet and ____ light.

a. red
b. yellow
c. white
d. ultraviolet
e. green

A

red

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10
Q

When ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP, what happens?

a. Adenine is removed.
b. One phosphate is removed.
c. Ribose is removed.
d. Three phosphates are removed.
e. Two phosphates are removed.

A

One phosphate is removed.

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11
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells?

a. the chloroplasts
b. the cytosol
c. the Golgi apparatus
d. the mitochondrial matrix
e. the stroma

A

the mitochondrial matrix

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12
Q

What is one of the potential drawbacks of biofuels?

a. Biofuels are not a renewable source of energy.
b. Biofuels are too chemically dissimilar to traditional fossil fuels.
c. Combining fossil fuels with biofuels will disrupt machinery.
d. No fossil fuels are consumed during the production of biofuel components.
e. Growing the organic material to produce biofuels can cause loss of agricultural land and habitat.

A

Growing the organic material to produce biofuels can cause loss of agricultural land and habitat.

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13
Q

Which metabolic process results in the production of ATP in the absence of oxygen?

a. Calvin cycle
b. electron transport chain
c. citric acid cycle
d. glycolysis
e. cellular respiration

A

glycolysis

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14
Q

At the end of the “photo” reactions, where electrons are being passed from photosystem to electron transport chain to photosystem, where do the electrons finally arrive?

a. water
b. ATP
c. oxygen
d. NADPH
e. The electrons are simply transferred to the synthesis reactions.

A

NADPH

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15
Q

Why is the description of a “bag-within-a-bag” sometimes used for mitochondria?

a. The vesicles within the outer membrane of the organelle form small bags for transport.
b. Two U-shaped membranes within the mitochondria resemble open bags.
c. The endoplasmic reticulum inside of the mitochondria forms a second membrane.
d. Mitochondria are the result of endosymbiotic evolution, wherein an engulfed organism is maintained as an organelle.
e. Mitochondria contain an intermembrane space and a mitochondrial matrix enclosed by an inner membrane.

A

Mitochondria contain an intermembrane space and a mitochondrial matrix enclosed by an inner membrane.

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16
Q

The inputs of cellular respiration are sugar (and other energy-packed food molecules) and ________; the outputs are _________, water, and energy in the form of ATP.

a. water; carbon dioxide
b. oxygen; sugar
c. water; oxygen
d. water; sugar
e. oxygen; carbon dioxide

A

oxygen; carbon dioxide

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17
Q

In what part of the plant cell does the “synthesis” part of photosynthesis take place?

a. in the stomata
b. in the thylakoid membranes inside chloroplasts
c. in mitochondria
d. in the stroma of chloroplasts
e. in photosystems within the thylakoid membranes

A

in the stroma of chloroplasts

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18
Q

What is rubisco?

a. an enzyme involved in the Calvin cycle
b. an accessory chemical that enables plants to build food molecules
c. an intermediate form of glucose produced during photosynthesis
d. a molecule that is combined to make the six-carbon sugars glucose and fructose in the Calvin cycle

A

an enzyme involved in the Calvin cycle

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19
Q

Which statement about glycolysis is true?

a. Four molecules of ATP are produced in glycolysis when the sugar bonds break and releases energy, and a phosphate group quickly attaches to ADP.
b. Glycolysis is an anhydrous reaction; no water is produced as a byproduct.
c. As seen in photosynthesis, NADPH is produced during glycolysis.
d. One pyruvate molecule is produced per molecule of glucose.
e. Two ATP are produced during the preparatory phase of glycolysis.

A

Four molecules of ATP are produced in glycolysis when the sugar bonds break and releases energy, and a phosphate group quickly attaches to ADP.

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20
Q

Which molecule is responsible for capturing energy from photons?

a. mitochondria
b. electrons
c. carotenoids
d. chlorophyll
e. stoma

A

chlorophyll

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21
Q

What inputs are required to carry out photosynthesis?

a. sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide
b. sunlight, oxygen, and sugar
c. water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen
d. water, carbon dioxide, and sugar
e. sunlight, water, and oxygen

A

sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide

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22
Q

A molecule of glucose sugar is used by the cells of your body to make about 34–36 ATP. This means that:

a. the bond between ADP and the last P in ATP is a low-energy bond.
b. organisms that cannot use glucose, such as some bacteria, don’t make ATP.
c. glucose carries at least 30–40 times the energy of an ATP molecule.
d. glucose is a relatively energy-poor molecule compared to ATP.
e. ATP can be used over and over again without being used up.

A

glucose carries at least 30–40 times the energy of an ATP molecule.

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23
Q

Animal fats and plant oils are sometimes used as sources of fuel for automobile engines. How is energy harvested from these molecules?

a. They contain multiple phosphate groups that each release energy when “liberated” from the molecule chemically.
b. They contain long carbon tails, and each atom has unpaired electrons that are released on exposure to extreme heat and pressure.
c. They contain hydrogen and carbon tails linked by disulfide bridges that, when broken, release chemical energy.
d. They contain long chains of hydrogen and carbon that, when broken, release the energy stored in the bonds linking the atoms together.
e. They contain long hydrophobic regions that, when mixed with water, generate explosive resistances.

A

They contain long chains of hydrogen and carbon that, when broken, release the energy stored in the bonds linking the atoms together.

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24
Q

Hydroelectric generators convert the energy of flowing water into mechanical energy, which is then converted into electricity. Which statement about this system is false?

a. The conversion of mechanical energy to electricity follows the first law of thermodynamics.
b. When the energy of water is converted to mechanical energy, kinetic energy is converted to kinetic energy.
c. The conversion of mechanical energy to electricity is 100% efficient.
d. The conversion of mechanical energy into electricity is an example of the conversion of one type of kinetic energy into another type of kinetic energy.
e. Storage of electricity from the generators in batteries is an example of converting kinetic energy into potential energy.

A

The conversion of mechanical energy to electricity is 100% efficient.

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25
Q

What inputs are required to carry out photosynthesis?

a. water, carbon dioxide, and sugar
b. water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen
c. sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide
d. sunlight, water, and oxygen
e. sunlight, oxygen, and sugar

A

sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide

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26
Q

Which molecule can act as an alternative electron acceptor in animals in the absence of oxygen?

a. pyruvate
b. nitrogen
c. hydrogen
d. oxaloacetate
e. acetyl-CoA

A

pyruvate

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27
Q

What is the difference between ATP and ADP?

a. ADP is an enzyme required to convert ATP into energy.
b. By using ADP and a free-floating phosphate, an organism can rebuild its supply of ATP, but ATP never leads to ADP.
c. ADP contains only two phosphates (adenosine diphosphate), whereas ATP contains three.
d. ATP can only be used once and cannot be recycled, whereas ADP is the recyclable form of ATP.
e. There is no difference between the molecules.

A

ADP contains only two phosphates (adenosine diphosphate), whereas ATP contains three.

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28
Q

In photosynthesis, the “photo” reaction takes place in the _____ and the “synthesis” reaction takes place in the _____.

a. stroma; thylakoid
b. thylakoid; stroma
c. lamella; intermembrane space
d. intermembrane space; lamella
e. inner membrane; stroma

A

stroma; thylakoid

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29
Q

Where are the molecules of the mitochondrial electron transport chain located?

a. within the inner membrane
b. within the thylakoid
c. in the matrix
d. in the stroma
e. in the intermembrane space

A

within the inner membrane

30
Q

Which description best represents the impact of the second law of thermodynamics on the amount of energy available to do work following energy conversion?

a. During energy conversion, energy escapes in the form of water.
b. Photons are difficult to harness.
c. As energy from the sun is converted into other forms, electrons disperse and are hard to recapture.
d. Water vapor in the atmosphere absorbs energy from sunlight.
e. Heat energy resulting from energy conversion cannot be easily utilized to do work in living systems.

A

Heat energy resulting from energy conversion cannot be easily utilized to do work in living systems.

31
Q

CAM plants close stomata when temperatures are _______ and humidity is ________.

a. high; high
b. low; high
c. constant; high
d. high; low
e. low; low

A

high; low

32
Q

Concerning fermentation, pyruvate is to lactic acid in muscle cells as __________ is to __________ in yeast.

a. pyruvate; oxygen
b. acetaldehyde; ethanol
c. ATP; NADH
d. sugars; proteins
e. lactic acid; water

A

acetaldehyde; ethanol

33
Q

A molecule of glucose sugar is used by the cells of your body to make about 34–36 ATP. This means that:

a. ATP can be used over and over again without being used up.
b. the bond between ADP and the last P in ATP is a low-energy bond.
c. glucose carries at least 30–40 times the energy of an ATP molecule.
d. organisms that cannot use glucose, such as some bacteria, don’t make ATP.
e. glucose is a relatively energy-poor molecule compared to ATP.

A

glucose carries at least 30–40 times the energy of an ATP molecule.

34
Q

Chlorophyll gains energy from the sun by what mechanism?

a. Electrons within chlorophyll turn into protons when they are struck by photons.
b. Water molecules within chlorophyll gain potential energy from photons.
c. ADP molecules absorb photons, increasing their potential energy.
d. Electrons within chlorophyll molecules become excited and gain energy as photons are absorbed.
e. ATP molecules within chlorophyll directly absorb photons.

A

Electrons within chlorophyll molecules become excited and gain energy as photons are absorbed.

35
Q

What accepts the electrons from NADH during yeast fermentation so that it may be recycled into the empty electron carrier, NAD+?

a. an electron transport chain
b. water
c. glucose
d. ADP
e. acetaldehyde

A

acetaldehyde

36
Q

The most important role played by chlorophyll during photosynthesis is to:

a. capture electrons that can, in turn, be used by carotenoids.
b. keep plants green-colored.
c. turn into a molecule of ATP when sunlight strikes it.
d. convert the kinetic energy of sunlight into chemical energy.
e. protect the more delicate carotenoid pigments from getting too much sunlight.

A

convert the kinetic energy of sunlight into chemical energy.

37
Q

Which choice illustrates an example of potential energy?

a. a tea kettle accumulating heat as it warms over a fire
b. a sunbeam striking the surface of a leaf
c. a concentration gradient of protons across a membrane within a living cell
d. a butterfly moving its wings to take flight
e. a flower bending toward the sunlight

A

a concentration gradient of protons across a membrane within a living cell

38
Q

The wavelengths of light used in photosynthesis are part of a larger range of wavelengths known as the:

a. photon spectrum.
b. electromagnetic spectrum.
c. electrophoton spectrum.
d. visible spectrum.
e. light spectrum

A

electromagnetic spectrum.

39
Q

Why does yeast prefer to use aerobic respiration versus generating energy through the anaerobic fermentation path?

a. Ethanol is toxic to yeast.
b. Fermentation prohibits reproduction in yeast.
c. The energy payoffs are much higher in aerobic respiration, especially via the mitochondrial electron transport chain.
d. Acetaldehyde produced during fermentation binds to glucose, reducing its availability to the yeast cell.
e. Lactic acid builds up in the yeast cell and causes distress.

A

The energy payoffs are much higher in aerobic respiration, especially via the mitochondrial electron transport chain.

40
Q

Which statement is false?

a. Energy can be defined as the capacity to do work.
b. Potential energy is stored energy; therefore, chemical energy is a type of potential energy.
c. Work is anything that involves moving matter against an opposing force.
d. Chemical energy refers to energy stored in chemical bonds.
e. An apple does not have potential energy because it cannot move on its own

A

An apple does not have potential energy because it cannot move on its own

41
Q

In the “photo” reaction of photosynthesis, where does the energy to build ATP come from, exactly?

a. In the first electron transport chain, hydrogen ions are pumped into the thylakoid using the energy released from high-energy electrons; when the ions move back into the stroma through ATP synthase, their kinetic energy is used to build ATP.
b. The energy to build ATP does not come from any one point, exactly.
c. In the NADPH-producing photosystem, the electrons from the electron transport chain produce energy upon being transferred.
d. In the water-splitting photosystem, the electrons donated by water are converted directly into energy.
e. In the water-splitting photosystem, the electrons release energy upon being transferred to the electron transport chain.

A

In the first electron transport chain, hydrogen ions are pumped into the thylakoid using the energy released from high-energy electrons; when the ions move back into the stroma through ATP synthase, their kinetic energy is used to build ATP.

42
Q

Plants, protists, fungi, and animals all obtain energy through aerobic respiration. Which structure must be present in all these organisms for this to be true?

a. cellular walls
b. mitochondria
c. chlorophyll
d. ribosomes
e. hemoglobin

A

mitochondria

43
Q

ATP can be described as a “battery” because:

a. ATP can be recharged into ADP with the addition of energy.
b. ATP requires metal ions, similar to many types of batteries.
c. ATP releases electromagnetic energy to perform work.
d. ATP stores potential energy until it is needed by the organism.
e. ATP is a chemical that is packaged into large vesicles for transport where needed.

A

ATP stores potential energy until it is needed by the organism.

44
Q

Select the correct sequence of steps in the Calvin cycle.

a. C3, C4, and CAM
b. glycolysis, acetyl-CoA production, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain
c. transport of electrons, proton pumps moving hydrogen ions, and ATP synthase generating ATP
d. synthesis of a 6-carbon molecule from acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate, formation of NADH and release of carbon dioxide, regeneration of oxaloacetate, formation of ATP, and formation of NADH and FADH
e. carbon dioxide fixation, creation of the sugar G3P, and regeneration of the organic molecule used in fixation

A

carbon dioxide fixation, creation of the sugar G3P, and regeneration of the organic molecule used in fixation

45
Q

Carotenoids:

a. are accessory pigments in chloroplasts that absorb blue-violet and blue-green light energy.
b. are accessory pigments in chloroplasts that fix carbon at a lower rate than does chlorophyll.
c. are the organelles in a leaf cell in which photosynthesis occurs.
d. are the organelles in a leaf cell in which respiration occurs.
e. are primary pigments in certain plants and algae chloroplasts that fix carbon in place of chlorophyll.

A

are accessory pigments in chloroplasts that absorb blue-violet and blue-green light energy.

46
Q

NADH:

a. catalyzes the dark reactions of photosynthesis.

b. has three 5-carbon ribose sugars.
c. becomes NADPH when it gains a high-energy electron.
d. is a form of nucleotide used to store energy.
e. is converted to NAD+ upon donating its high-energy electron.

A

is converted to NAD+ upon donating its high-energy electron.

47
Q

A single human cell is likely to contain hundreds to thousands of mitochondria. Why might this be the case?

a. Translation of mRNA into proteins occurs in the mitochondria.
b. The majority of energy production takes place within the mitochondria.
c. Glycolysis occurs within the mitochondria and is required for energy production.
d. ATP can be utilized as an energy source only within the mitochondria.
e. Many of the required proteins for mitochondrial function are encoded in the nucleus.

A

The majority of energy production takes place within the mitochondria.

48
Q

Which statement is false?

a. The thylakoid membrane lies outside of the stroma.
b. Chlorophyll is found embedded in the thylakoid membranes.
c. Sugar is synthesized from carbon dioxide and energy molecules in the stroma.
d. Chloroplasts, and leaves in turn, are green because chloroplasts have chlorophyll in them.
e. The thylakoid is the location of the “photo” reaction, where sunlight is converted to chemical energy.

A

The thylakoid membrane lies outside of the stroma.

49
Q

A green automobile hood exposed to sunlight will produce far more heat than a green leaf exposed to the same amount of sunlight. Why is this?

a. The automobile hood has no mechanism for capturing the energy of its excited electrons, so it absorbs that energy as heat as the electrons fall back to their ground state; a leaf contains primary electron receptors, which will capture the energy and put it to use in making ATP and NADPH.
b. The automobile hood has no mechanism for capturing the energy of its excited electrons, so it releases that energy as heat as the electrons fall back to their ground state; a leaf contains primary electron receptors, which will capture the energy and put it to use in making ADP and NADP+.
c. The electrons in the pigment of the automobile hood have no mechanism for reaching an excited state, so all of the heat from the sun will be absorbed; in the leaf, the chlorophyll pigment provides a locus for excitation of electrons by light.
d. The electrons in the pigment of the automobile hood have no mechanism for reaching an excited state, so all of the heat from the sun will be absorbed; in the leaf, the stroma provides a locus for excitation of electrons by light.
e. The automobile hood has no mechanism for capturing the energy of its excited electrons, so it releases that energy as heat as the electrons fall back to their ground state; a leaf contains primary electron receptors, which will capture the energy and put it to use in making ATP and NADPH.

A

The automobile hood has no mechanism for capturing the energy of its excited electrons, so it releases that energy as heat as the electrons fall back to their ground state; a leaf contains primary electron receptors, which will capture the energy and put it to use in making ATP and NADPH.

50
Q

During the Calvin cycle, you were introduced to a new molecule, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). Which of the following statements best explains the role of G3P in this second stage of photosynthesis?

a. G3P is a molecule that directly powers that the Calvin cycle.
b. G3P is a regulatory type of protein that essentially accounts for the checkpoints in the Calvin cycle.
c. G3P is a key enzyme in aiding the Calvin cycle in the production of sugars, that is, it is involved with the fixation of atmospheric carbon and the enzymatic formation of sugar molecules.
d. G3P donates high-energy electrons to NADPH during the final step of the Calvin cycle.
e. G3P is a small sugar molecule produced by the Calvin cycle, but it is also used by the Calvin cycle to regenerate the original organic molecule, RUBP, with energy from ATP.

A

G3P is a small sugar molecule produced by the Calvin cycle, but it is also used by the Calvin cycle to regenerate the original organic molecule, RUBP, with energy from ATP.

51
Q

Once an electron within chlorophyll enters an excited state, it can be transferred to a nearby molecule or return to its resting state. What happens if the electron returns to its resting state?

a. A small amount of energy is released, which can ionize a nearby atom.
b. A small amount of energy is released, which is converted to potential energy.
c. A small amount of energy is released, which can excite an electron in a nearby molecule.
d. A small amount of energy is retained, reducing the energy input needed from the next photon.
e. A small amount of energy is released, which is emitted as a photon.

A

A small amount of energy is released, which can excite an electron in a nearby molecule.

52
Q

In the citric acid cycle, the pieces of the starting glucose molecule (now pyruvate) are completely broken apart to produce carbon dioxide. What happened to all the energy that was contained in the bonds of the original glucose molecule?

a. It was all used in the citric acid cycle to make ATP.
b. It was transferred into NADH and FADH2 and some ATP.
c. It is still in the bonds of pyruvate.
d. It was lost as heat.
e. It was used to turn oxygen gas into water.

A

It was transferred into NADH and FADH2 and some ATP.

53
Q
  1. Photons from sunlight bump against an electron in chlorophyll, causing it to enter an excited state. Which statement is true?

a. Kinetic energy is being converted into potential energy.
b. Electromagnetic energy is being converted into kinetic energy.
c. Chemical energy is being converted into electromagnetic energy.
d. Potential energy is being converted into kinetic energy.
e. Kinetic energy is being converted into a different form of kinetic energy

A

Kinetic energy is being converted into potential energy.

54
Q

Which statement about glycolysis is false?

a. A single glucose molecule is broken down by glycolysis to produce two pyruvate molecules.
b. Two NAD+ become two NADH in glycolysis.
c. The sequence of chemical reactions that make up glycolysis takes place in the cell’s cytoplasm.
d. A single glucose molecule produces 4 net ATP in glycolysis.
e. Glycolysis has two distinct phases: a preparatory phase and a payoff phase.

A

A single glucose molecule produces 4 net ATP in glycolysis.

55
Q

Most plant leaves contain yellow and orange carotenoids as well as green chlorophylls. Why then are most leaves greenish?

a. There is a much greater concentration of chlorophylls than carotenoids in plant leaves.
b. Carotenoids are largely transparent, allowing the green of chlorophylls to show through.
c. Carotenoids actually absorb yellow and orange light and reflect green light like the chlorophylls.
d. Chlorophylls reflect more strongly than carotenoids, so their colors are more dominant.
e. Chlorophyll molecules are located above and below the layer of carotenoids in leaves, blocking light from reaching the yellow and orange colors within

A

There is a much greater concentration of chlorophylls than carotenoids in plant leaves.

56
Q

If photosynthesis produces cellular energy (ATP) from sunlight, why do plant cells also need to perform cellular respiration, a process that produces ATP from sugar?

a. Plant cells cannot make enough ATP from sunlight in photosynthesis; they need to perform cellular respiration, too, in order to make up the difference.
b. Plant cells cannot make cellular energy at night; therefore, photosynthesis actually stores ATP energy as sugar, which can be then converted back to ATP at night by cellular respiration.
c. Plant cells need cellular respiration to degrade the toxic products made in photosynthesis.
d. Plant cells need cellular respiration to convert the sugars they absorb through their roots into ATP.
e. Plant cells can’t produce enough sugar from photosynthesis; cellular respiration is needed to produce the remaining sugar.

A

Plant cells cannot make cellular energy at night; therefore, photosynthesis actually stores ATP energy as sugar, which can be then converted back to ATP at night by cellular respiration.

57
Q

Where does the energy captured during photosynthesis come from?

a. carbon dioxide
b. oxygen
c. photons
d. the atmosphere
e. chemical bond

A

photons

58
Q

Why is a limited or nonexistent supply of oxygen a hindrance in the process of cellular respiration?

a. Oxygen powers the proton pumps in the electron transport chain.
b. Oxygen creates tiny air bubbles that drive ATP synthase.
c. Oxygen is required as a terminal electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain.
d. Oxygen carries high-energy electrons in the electron transport chain.
e. Oxygen inflates the inner bag within mitochondria.

A

Oxygen is required as a terminal electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain.

59
Q

Which reaction is not one of the major molecular changes that occurs in glycolysis?

a. Two molecules of ATP are converted to ADP.
b. A net of two molecules of ADP are converted to ATP.
c. Two molecules of NAD+ are converted to NADH.
d. Two molecules of pyruvate are converted into two molecules of acetyl-CoA.
e. Glucose is converted to two molecules of pyruvate.

A

Two molecules of pyruvate are converted into two molecules of acetyl-CoA.

60
Q

At the end of the “photo” reactions, where electrons are being passed from photosystem to electron transport chain to photosystem, where do the electrons finally arrive?

a. ATP
b. NADPH
c. The electrons are simply transferred to the synthesis reactions.
d. water
e. oxygen

A

NADPH

61
Q
  1. How many turns of the citric acid cycle are needed to fully break down the energy in one glucose molecule?

a. 1.5 turns
b. 1 turn
c. 2 turns
d. 3 turns
e. 4 turn

A

2 turns

62
Q

ATP is a very effective molecule for storing relatively high amounts of energy for a short time. Where, exactly, does the large amount of energy come from?

a. The adenine-to-ribose bond is covalent and, upon breaking, releases energy.
b. The bond of ribose to phosphate contains the most energy.
c. The energy of ATP that drives metabolism is associated with the phosphate bonds.
d. The molecule as a whole contains an unusual amount of energy because it is a highly unstable molecule.
e. All bonds within an ATP molecule produce an equal amount of energy.

A

The energy of ATP that drives metabolism is associated with the phosphate bonds.

63
Q

In what part of the plant cell does the “synthesis” part of photosynthesis take place?

a. in the stomata
b. in the thylakoid membranes inside chloroplasts
c. in the stroma of chloroplasts
d. in photosystems within the thylakoid membranes
e. in mitochondria

A

in the stroma of chloroplasts

64
Q

When fermentation occurs in grapes left on the vine, the final product is the ethanol used to make wine. When fermentation occurs in our muscles, the final product is:

a. ethanol as well.
b. oxygen.
c. 2 lactic acid molecules.
d. 1 ATP molecule.
e. 2 NADH molecules

A

2 lactic acid molecules.

65
Q

The word anabolism refers to constructive, buildup, or synthesis reactions, while the word catabolism refers to destructive, breakdown, or digestive reactions. What does it mean to say that in a cell, catabolism fuels anabolism?

a. Plants don’t need to perform catabolic reactions since they make ATP directly from sunlight.
b. Digestion powers ingestion.
c. All molecules made in a cell must be broken down first before they can be remade.
d. Cellular respiration (catabolism) forms the ATP that is used to power anabolic reactions.
e. Photosynthesis produces fuel molecules that power cellular respiration.

A

Cellular respiration (catabolism) forms the ATP that is used to power anabolic reactions.

66
Q

When a muscle cell metabolizes glucose in the complete absence of molecular oxygen, all of the following substances are produced except:

a. pyruvate.
b. ATP.
c. glucose 6-phosphate.
d. acetyl-CoA.
e. lactate.

A

acetyl-CoA.

67
Q

Which statement about fermentation is false?

a. Fermentation is a less efficient energy producer than aerobic respiration.
b. Fermentation is an anaerobic process.
c. Fermentation utilizes the electrons generated in the glycolytic breakdown of glucose.
d. In fermentation the molecules that are used as electron acceptors differ from those used when glycolysis occurs in the presence of oxygen.
e. Fermentation only occurs in yeast and always results in the production of ethanol.

A

Fermentation only occurs in yeast and always results in the production of ethanol.

68
Q

What are the components of an ATP molecule?

a. adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
b. adenine, ribose, and two phosphate groups
c. adenine, glucose, and three phosphate groups
d. adenine, glucose, and three potassium groups
e. adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups

A

adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups

69
Q

What is rubisco?

a. an intermediate form of glucose produced during photosynthesis
b. the least abundant protein on earth
c. an enzyme involved in the Calvin cycle
d. an accessory chemical that enables plants to build food molecules
e. a molecule that is combined to make the six-carbon sugars glucose and fructose in the Calvin cycle

A

an enzyme involved in the Calvin cycle

70
Q

All alcoholic beverages are produced as the result of:

a. cellular metabolism by bacteria that occurs in the absence of oxygen.
b. cellular metabolism by bacteria that occurs in the absence of free electrons.
c. cellular metabolism by yeast that occurs in the absence of oxygen.
d. cellular metabolism by yeast that occurs in the absence of free electrons.
e. cellular metabolism that occurs in the absence of sugar.

A

cellular metabolism by yeast that occurs in the absence of oxygen.

71
Q

Which metabolic process results in the production of ATP in the absence of oxygen?

a. citric acid cycle
b. Calvin cycle
c. glycolysis
d. cellular respiration
e. electron transport chain

A

glycolysis

72
Q
  1. Which statement about glycolysis is true?

a. As seen in photosynthesis, NADPH is produced during glycolysis.
b. Two ATP are produced during the preparatory phase of glycolysis.
c. One pyruvate molecule is produced per molecule of glucose.
d. Four molecules of ATP are produced in glycolysis when the sugar bonds break and releases energy, and a phosphate group quickly attaches to ADP.
e. Glycolysis is an anhydrous reaction; no water is produced as a byproduct

A

Four molecules of ATP are produced in glycolysis when the sugar bonds break and releases energy, and a phosphate group quickly attaches to ADP.

Bio 101 (12 decks)

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