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Plant Science > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

Modules 6 & 7

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1
Q

What are the first parts of the plant to emerge from a seed?

A

the radicle and plumule

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2
Q

What roles do roots play for plants?

A

-absorb water and nutrients
-anchorage
*additional function in some plants –> act as a storage organ for carbohydrates and starches

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3
Q

How are minerals and water absorbed by roots?

A

dissolved mineral nutrients and water required for growth are absorbed by the root hairs, which are extensions of the epidermal cells

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4
Q

Where is the zone of maturation on the root apical meristem?

A

top where the root hairs are; location where cells are mature

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5
Q

Where is the zone of elongation on the root apical meristem?

A

underneath the zone of maturation; where cells grow in length

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6
Q

Where is the zone of division on the root apical meristem?

A

above the root cap; where cells are actively dividing (undifferentiated)

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7
Q

Where is the root cap on the root apical meristem?

A

the tip of the root; where newly developed cells are protected from being damaged from soil debris

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8
Q

Root system facts

A

*the root system is about one-quarter to one-third of the total of the entire dry weight of any plant
*the tap root usually grows downward and the branch roots grow downward or horizontally

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9
Q

What does the root hair do?

A

absorb water and nutrients

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10
Q

What does the epidermis do for the root?

A

protects the root

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11
Q

Root: Endodermis and Casparian Strip

A

act as a waterproofing layer & prevents water from escaping

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12
Q

Root: Xylem

A

moves water & nutrients

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13
Q

Root: Phloem

A

moves food (carbohydrates)

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14
Q

Root: Cortex

A

parenchyma cells for storage of water, gases and carbohydrates

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15
Q

What are adventitious roots and why are the important to AG?

A

*roots that are not where roots should normally be
*used to propagate plants in Ag

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16
Q

What are the functions of stems?

A

support plants to capture sunlight

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17
Q

Stem: epidermis

A

protects the stem from desiccation (drying out)

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18
Q

Stem: Collenchyma

A

provides structure that can still bend

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19
Q

Stem: Parenchyma

A

storage of water, carbohydrates, gases, some photosynthesis

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20
Q

Stem: Primary Phloem

A

transports carbohydrates

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21
Q

Stem: Primary Xylem

A

transports water and nutrients

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22
Q

Stem: Procambium

A

producing new xylem and phloem

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23
Q

Stem: Pith Parenchyma

A

storage of carbohydrates and water

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24
Q

Stem: Cortex

A

storage of gases and water

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25
Q

What are spurs?

A

very short stems that remain on plants for many years & contain several buds (often flower buds)

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26
Q

What are rhizomes?

A

specialized stems that grow underground for asexual reproduction

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27
Q

What are stolons?

A

stems that grow above ground (along the surface) for asexual reproduction

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28
Q

What are corms?

A

underground stems modified for carbohydrate storage

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29
Q

What are bulbs?

A

underground stems surrounded by fleshy leaves modified for carbohydrate storage

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30
Q

What are the functions of leaves?

A

-photosynthesis
-respiration–>conversion of carbs to ATP
-gas exchange
-pull up water from roots

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31
Q

Leaf: Palisade Layer

A

where more5 photosynthesis is taking place

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32
Q

Leaf: vascular bundles

A

xylem and phloem, to move CO2, water & nutrients

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33
Q

Leaf: Spongy Mesophyll Parenchyma

A

storage, allow for water & gas exchange

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34
Q

Leaf: Epidermis

A

protects the leaf tissue

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35
Q

Leaf: Stomates

A

passages that allow for gas & water vapor exchange

36
Q

Leaf: Guard Cells

A

open & close stomate passage

37
Q

Where is the xylem and phloem in woody tissue?

A

-rings of woody tissue are Xylem; all dead tissue
-the thin strip below the bark is Phloem tissue; all living tissue

38
Q

What happens to a plant if you disrupt the phloem?

A

Girdling: it can kill a tree or it is used to increase the sugar of early season fruit trees

39
Q

What are protoxylem and protophloem?

A

-newly developed xylem and phloem
-originally created in the vascular cambium

40
Q

Primary Xylem and Primary Phloem

A

Primary Xylem grows inward and Primary Phloem grows outward; bard grows both inward and outward

41
Q

What forms the rings in woody tissue?

A

-growth during fall & winter is slow, creating small pores (tracheids) and dark tissue
-growth during spring & summer is fast, resulting in larger and lighter colored pores (tracheids)

42
Q

What is the main component of xylem tissue in gymnosperms? How does this influence what we use these trees for? (soft woods)

A

-tracheids are the main component of xylem tissue in gymnosperms
-use this when we need materials that are lighter/cheaper
-frames, building

43
Q

What is the main component of xylem tissue in angiosperm trees? How does this influence what we use these trees for? (hard woods)

A

-vessel elements are the main components of xylem tissue in angiosperms
-grows slowly, harder to work with, stronger
-furniture would be an example

44
Q

What is the cork cambium?

A

-creates new bark
-it growth both outward & inward from the cork cambium

45
Q

What are lenticels? What are they used for?

A

-pores/openings in the bark
-they are used for gas exchange in wood tissue

46
Q

What are the two types of plants?

A

Non-Vascular and Vascular

47
Q

Non-vascular

A

-no xylem or phloem
-ex: mosses, liverworts, algae, lichen

48
Q

Vascular

A

-xylem and phloem
-Spore reduction
-gymnosperms “naked seeds”
-angiosperms (flowering plants)

49
Q

Spore Reduction examples

A

ferns, horsetails, club “mosses”

50
Q

Gymnosperm examples

A

pine trees, cycads, cedar trees, fir trees, ginkgo trees

51
Q

Angiosperms

A

-monocots or dicots
monocots: grasses & bulbs
dicots: all other flowering plants, fruit/nut trees, vegetable crops, roses/lilacs etc.

52
Q

How do non-vascular plants move water, nutrients and carbohydrates throughout plants?

A

they can only move water, nutrients and carbohydrates by osmosis

53
Q

Plant vascular system

A

xylem and phloem

54
Q

5 Monocot attributes

A
  1. one cotyledon/seed leaf
  2. veins are parallel
  3. roots are fibrous
  4. vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem
  5. flower parts (petals & filaments) are in multiples of 3
55
Q

5 Dicot attributes

A
  1. two cotyledon/seed leaf
  2. veins netlike/complex
  3. taproot
  4. vascular bundles are in a ring around the edge
  5. flower part (petals & filaments) are in multiples of 4
56
Q

What types of buds are there?

A

-vegetative: develop into a shoot
-flower: which open to produce a flower or flowers
-mixed buds: open to produce both shoots and flowers

57
Q

What are latent buds?

A

some buds remain latent for long periods of time and become embedded in enlarging stem tissue

58
Q

What are adventitious buds?

A

buds that grow in a place where buds are not normally growing

59
Q

How do flower buds form?

A

-form by the differentiation of vegetative buds into flower parts
-in angiosperms, specialized floral leaves on the stem are adapted for sexual reproduction–these are the flowers

60
Q

What is inflorescence?

A

scientific term for a flower-shape/form helps determine the species, genus, and family

61
Q

Female Parts of a flower

A

stigma + style + ovary

62
Q

Male Parts of a flower

A

anther+ filament = stamen

63
Q

Ovarian positions of a flower

A

-Superior: above the sepal
-Half inferior: in between ovaries and sepal
-inferior: above ovaries

64
Q

What are complete flowers?

A

have a pistil, stamen, petals & sepals

65
Q

What are incomplete flowers?

A

missing one or more of the 4 main parts

66
Q

What are perfect flowers? (most common)

A

-have both the pistil and stamen
-ex: peaches, beans, almonds, cotton

67
Q

What are imperfect flowers?

A

lacking pistil or stamen

68
Q

What is a dioecious plant?

A

-male flowers + female flowers on different plants
ex: kiwi and pistachios

69
Q

What is a monoecious plant?

A

-male flowers + female flowers on the same plant
ex: corn, walnut, pecans

70
Q

What is pollination?

A

when pollen lands on a receptive stigma

71
Q

Describe self-pollination

A

the pollen from its own flower lands on its own stigma

72
Q

Describe cross pollination

A

pollen from one pollen of a plant lands on another receptive stigma of a plant

73
Q

What are the different ways cross-pollination may occur?

A

-insects like bees
-birds, bats
-wind
-water

74
Q

What is a fruit?

A

seed or seeds with associated ovary wall

75
Q

What is a carpel? What is a pericarp?

A

-a carpel is a section of an ovary
-a pericarp is a covering for a carpel

76
Q

What are simple fruits?

A

they have a single ovary formed from one flower

77
Q

Fleshy simple fruits

A

the entire pericarp and accessory parts develop into succulent tissue

78
Q

Semi-fleshy simple fruits

A

inbetween dry and fleshy

79
Q

Dry simple fruits

A

outer parts of fruit which is dry

80
Q

Berry

A

A pulpy fruit from one or more carpels that develops few too many seed (bananas, peppers, papayas, grapes, tomatoes); simple, fleshy fruit

81
Q

Pepo

A

formed from an inferior ovary that develops from multiple carpels each baring many seeds (cucumbers, melon, squash and watermelon); simple, fleshy fruit

82
Q

Drupe

A

simple fruit derived from single carpel
-exocarp: the outer layer becomes the thick skin
-mesocarp: the middle layer becomes thick and fleshy
-endocarp: the inner layer becomes hard and stony (peaches, plums, cherries); simple, fleshy fruit

83
Q

Pome

A

a simple fruit made up of several carpels (apples, pears, and quince’s); simple, fleshy fruit

84
Q

Legume or Pod

A

they have a single carpel which usually dehisces along both carpel sutures (peas, beans); semi-fleshy or dry simple fruits

85
Q

Schizocarp

A

fruit formed from two or more carpels that at maturity yield two one-seeded halves (carrots, dill, cilantro); semi-fleshy or dry simple fruits

86
Q

What is an aggregate fruit?

A

-have many ovaries on a single flower
ex: strawberries, blackberries

87
Q

What are multiple fruits?

A

there are individual ovaries fused into a single structure born or on a common stalk

Plant Science (3 decks)

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