Exam 1 Flashcards

Question

What are some of the ways that humans use plants?

Answer 1

food, fibers (clothing), shelter, medicine, fuel

Answer 2

observation, research, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion, share results

Answer 3

-if the experiment can be replicated with similar results (true replication or internal replications) -prior research from adequate resources -have to have a control group and experimental group -tests lots of subjects for variability

Answer 4

Hunter-gatherer and agrarian societies rely on hunting and plant cultivation to sustain life and wealth. They produce/gather all goods themselves.

Answer 5

Pros: wide variety of food options Cons: lacks stability

Answer 6

Pros: boosts trade, self-reliant Cons: specialization (leads to limited options within society)

Answer 7

Quantitative: factual and less bias Qualitative: can be bias and preferential both based on observation

Answer 8

1) difficult to assess rare effects 2) variability in subjects 3)conditions in lab are different than in "real life" 4)generally not long term 5)if long-term, based on self reported data

Answer 9

*types of cells that are distributed throughout the plant, but perform similar functions no matter what organ they are located in *this is different from plant organs (roots, stems, leaves, etc.) which are made of different tissue types combined to perform a specific function

Answer 10

Meristematic and Permanent

Answer 11

young growth cells forming undifferentiated tissues; does not yet perform a specific function; active cell-division

Answer 12

*already differentiated *simple permanent--tissue contains one cell type *complex permanent--tissue contains multiple cell types

Answer 13

*shoot apical meristem *root apical meristem *subapical meristems *intercalary meristem *lateral meristems *vascular cambium *cork cambium

Answer 14

located in the root tips of a plant and the tips of the new shoot and leaves

Answer 15

located at the tip of the root

Answer 16

active tissues that have been separated from the apical meristem by regions of more mature or developed tissues; ex: monocots like grasses (explains why grass leaf blades continue to grow after mowing even though the top has been cut off)

Answer 17

*growth in width or girth *Vascular Cambium: growth of new xylem and phloem *Cork cambium: growth of new bark

Answer 18

*parenchyma *sclerenchyma *collenchyma *epidermis *cork tissue

Answer 19

Xylem and Phloem

Answer 20

*made up of living thin-walled cells with large vacuoles and many flattened sides *makes up the palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll layer of leaves--lots of chloroplasts! *makes up the pith and cortex of stems and roots *makes up the soft tissues of fruits

Answer 21

*gives support to young stems, petioles, and the veins of leaves *the walls and corners of the cells are thickened, primarily by cellulose, to provide reinforcement

Answer 22

*composed of thick-walled cells found throughout the plant as sclereids (fibers) *common in stems & bark, and are also found as stone cells in pear fruits and walnut shells

Answer 23

*a single exterior layer of cells that protects stems, leaves, flowers, and roots *the outside surface of epidermal cells is usually covered with a waxy substance called cutin, which reduces water loss *leaf epidermis of leaves is usually colorless except for the guard cells of the stomata, which contain chlorophyll, and are green

Answer 24

*some leaf epidermal cells are elongated into hairs and are called trichomes *the root epidermis lacks cutin--it develops root hairs, protuberances which actively absorb water from the soil

Answer 25

*occurs commonly in the bark of maturing stems, trunks of trees and potato skins *cell walls are waterproofed with a waxy material called suberin

Answer 26

*a structurally complex tissue that conducts water and dissolved minerals from the roots to all parts of the plant *cells found in the xylem may be: tracheids, fibers, or parenchyma

Answer 27

*long, tapered, dead cells that conduct water through pits *contribute significant strength and support to the stems of gymnosperms

Answer 28

*thick-walled sclerenchyma cells that provide support *arranged in vertical files and act as food storage sites

Answer 29

*conducts food and metabolites from the leaves to the stem, flowers, roots & storage organs *phloem is comprised of: sieve tube members (angiosperms) or sieve cells (gymnosperms), companion cells, fibers and parenchyma

Answer 30

long slender cells with porous ends called sieve plate and occur only in angiosperms

Answer 31

just like sieve-tube members but without a sieve plate and only occur in gymnosperms

Answer 32

aid in metabolite conduction and are closely associated with sieve-tube members