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Plant Science > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryotes

A

bacteria with no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles

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2
Q

Eukaryotes

A

plants and animals with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

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3
Q

Organelles

A

like a cells organs, each have their own specific jobs

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

everything in the cell except the nucleus

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5
Q

Cytosol

A

watery matrix that organelles float in

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6
Q

Cell Membrane

A

-surrounds the cell and decides what comes in and out
-semi permeable: allows nutrients in and waste products out
-made of a phospholipid bilayer
-also called a plasma membrane
found in: plant cells, animal cells, and prokaryotic cells

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7
Q

Nucleus

A

-control center of the cell
-stores DNA (chromosomes)
-surrounded by the nuclear membrane
-also contains the nucleolus which make ribosomes
found in: plant and animal cells

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8
Q

Ribosome

A

-smallest organelle; not surrounded by a membrane
-makes protein according to DNA instructions
-two types: free ribosome-float free in cytosol and bound ribosome-attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
found in: plant cells, animal cells, and prokaryotic cells

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9
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

-transport system for materials in cell
-covered with ribosomes; site if protein synthesis
found in: plant and animal cells

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10
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

-transport system for materials in cell
-no ribosomes; it makes hormones and lipids
found in: plant and animal cells

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11
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

-delivery system of the cell
-collects, modifies, and packages molecules in the cell
-distributes and transports molecules in vesicles
found in: plant and animal cells

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12
Q

Lysosome

A

-trash disposal of the cell
-contains digestive enzymes that break down waste
found in: plant and animal cells

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13
Q

Mitochondria

A

-the powerhouse of the cell
-only organelle that has its own DNA
-site of cellular respiration
-converts energy stored in food into energy the cell needs (ATP)
-sugar + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water + ATP
found in: plant and animal cells

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14
Q

Chloroplast

A

-found only in plant cells and algae
-contains green pigment, chlorophyll
-changes sunlight (solar energy) into food like glucose (chemical energy)

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15
Q

Cell Wall

A

-found only in plant cells and some bacterial cells
-rigid, protective barrier (maintains cell shape)
-located outside of the cell membrane
-made of cellulose (complex fiber made of carbohydrates)

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16
Q

Vacuoles

A

-large central vacuoles usually in plant cells
-many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
-storage container for water, food, enzymes, waste, etc.
-supports cell shape in plant
found in: plant and animal cells

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17
Q

Which organelles are present in plant cells but NOT animal cells?

A

Chloroplasts and Cell Walls

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18
Q

Agronomic Crops

A

relatively low input, grown on large scale: wheat, soybeans, corn

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19
Q

Horticultural Crops

A

require more intense and constant care from planting to consumer delivery: fruit, nut, vegetable crops

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20
Q

Plants are

A

primary producers/autotrophs; they are the only organisms that can create their own energy from the sunlight

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21
Q

Photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide + water (in soil) + sunlight –> oxygen + carbohydrate energy

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22
Q

What do plants need to survive?

A

-need to complete photosynthesis
-need proper nutrients (water, oxygen, sunlight, soil)
-need nutrients to form DNA, enzymes, act as chemical catalysts, etc.

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23
Q

How do plants reproduce?

A

Sexual Reproduction-pollen fertilizes an ova –> seeds
Asexual Reproduction-drop leaves, rhizomes & stolons (runners), bulbs
Propagation: reproduction facilitated by humans ex: cutting, grafting, etc.

24
Q

What is respiration?

A

the process of converting sugars into energy

25
Q

What are some of the ways that humans use plants?

A

food, fibers (clothing), shelter, medicine, fuel

26
Q

What are the parts of a scientific experiment?

A

observation, research, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion, share results

27
Q

What makes a scientific experiment “good”?

A

-if the experiment can be replicated with similar results (true replication or internal replications)
-prior research from adequate resources
-have to have a control group and experimental group
-tests lots of subjects for variability

28
Q

Hunter Gatherer and Agrarian Societies

A

Hunter-gatherer and agrarian societies rely on hunting and plant cultivation to sustain life and wealth. They produce/gather all goods themselves.

29
Q

Pros/Cons Hunter Gatherer

A

Pros: wide variety of food options
Cons: lacks stability

30
Q

Pros/Cons Agrarian

A

Pros: boosts trade, self-reliant
Cons: specialization (leads to limited options within society)

31
Q

Quantitative vs Qualitative

A

Quantitative: factual and less bias
Qualitative: can be bias and preferential
both based on observation

32
Q

Limitations of Scientific Studies

A

1) difficult to assess rare effects
2) variability in subjects
3)conditions in lab are different than in “real life”
4)generally not long term
5)if long-term, based on self reported data

33
Q

What are plant tissues?

A

*types of cells that are distributed throughout the plant, but perform similar functions no matter what organ they are located in
*this is different from plant organs (roots, stems, leaves, etc.) which are made of different tissue types combined to perform a specific function

34
Q

What are the two types of Plant Tissue?

A

Meristematic and Permanent

35
Q

Meristematic Tissue

A

young growth cells forming undifferentiated tissues; does not yet perform a specific function; active cell-division

36
Q

Permanent Tissue

A

*already differentiated
*simple permanent–tissue contains one cell type
*complex permanent–tissue contains multiple cell types

37
Q

Meristematic Tissue Examples

A

*shoot apical meristem
*root apical meristem
*subapical meristems
*intercalary meristem
*lateral meristems
*vascular cambium
*cork cambium

38
Q

Shoot Apical Meristem and Subapical Meristem

A

located in the root tips of a plant and the tips of the new shoot and leaves

39
Q

Root Apical Meristem

A

located at the tip of the root

40
Q

Intercalary Meristems

A

active tissues that have been separated from the apical meristem by regions of more mature or developed tissues; ex: monocots like grasses (explains why grass leaf blades continue to grow after mowing even though the top has been cut off)

41
Q

Lateral Meristems

A

*growth in width or girth
*Vascular Cambium: growth of new xylem and phloem
*Cork cambium: growth of new bark

42
Q

Simple Permanent Tissue Examples

A

*parenchyma
*sclerenchyma
*collenchyma
*epidermis
*cork tissue

43
Q

Complex Permanent Tissue Examples

A

Xylem and Phloem

44
Q

Parenchyma Tissue

A

*made up of living thin-walled cells with large vacuoles and many flattened sides
*makes up the palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll layer of leaves–lots of chloroplasts!
*makes up the pith and cortex of stems and roots
*makes up the soft tissues of fruits

45
Q

Collenchyma Tissue

A

*gives support to young stems, petioles, and the veins of leaves
*the walls and corners of the cells are thickened, primarily by cellulose, to provide reinforcement

46
Q

Sclerenchyma Tissue

A

*composed of thick-walled cells found throughout the plant as sclereids (fibers)
*common in stems & bark, and are also found as stone cells in pear fruits and walnut shells

47
Q

Epidermis

A

*a single exterior layer of cells that protects stems, leaves, flowers, and roots
*the outside surface of epidermal cells is usually covered with a waxy substance called cutin, which reduces water loss
*leaf epidermis of leaves is usually colorless except for the guard cells of the stomata, which contain chlorophyll, and are green

48
Q

Epidermal Cell Modifications

A

*some leaf epidermal cells are elongated into hairs and are called trichomes
*the root epidermis lacks cutin–it develops root hairs, protuberances which actively absorb water from the soil

49
Q

Cork Tissue

A

*occurs commonly in the bark of maturing stems, trunks of trees and potato skins
*cell walls are waterproofed with a waxy material called suberin

50
Q

Xylem

A

*a structurally complex tissue that conducts water and dissolved minerals from the roots to all parts of the plant
*cells found in the xylem may be: tracheids, fibers, or parenchyma

51
Q

Tracheids

A

*long, tapered, dead cells that conduct water through pits
*contribute significant strength and support to the stems of gymnosperms

52
Q

Fibers and Parenchyma

A

*thick-walled sclerenchyma cells that provide support
*arranged in vertical files and act as food storage sites

53
Q

Phloem

A

*conducts food and metabolites from the leaves to the stem, flowers, roots & storage organs
*phloem is comprised of: sieve tube members (angiosperms) or sieve cells (gymnosperms), companion cells, fibers and parenchyma

54
Q

Sieve-tube members

A

long slender cells with porous ends called sieve plate and occur only in angiosperms

55
Q

Sieve Cell

A

just like sieve-tube members but without a sieve plate and only occur in gymnosperms

56
Q

Companion cells

A

aid in metabolite conduction and are closely associated with sieve-tube members

Plant Science (3 decks)

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