Exam 2 Flashcards
What can be defined as the precise manipulation of materials at the molecular level (the nanoscale), which allows for the creation of new materials ?
nanotechnology
What is the “if-then-syndrome”?
- What is initially speculation, we end up treating like a likelihood
- “a possible technological development and continues with a consequence that demands immediate attention”
The authors (check footnote) argue that we should use what technology to enhance memory?
“Human Enhancement for the Common Good–Using Neurotechnologies to Improve Eyewitness memory”
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
What can be defined as the branch of biotechnology which combines genetic engineering with optics to observe and control the function of genetically targeted groups of cells with lights, often in the intact animal?
optogenetics
What happens during the first stage of clinical trials?
- safety: 20-100 healthy volunteers, offers no physical benefit to volunteer subjects
What happens during the second stage of clinical trials?
- safety/efficacy: >100 people with disease volunteer to be treated, some may physically benefit
What were two worries we covered in the paper (look at footnote)?
“Controlling Brain Cells with Light: Ethical Considerations for Optogenetic Clinical Trials”
- How should we proceed with human trials of optogenetics?
o Treated as a practical worry - Should we worry about possible “mind control”?
o Dismissed as a speculative worry
Who did Eli Lilly test experimental drugs on at budget rates at its testing site in Indianapolis?
“GUINEA-PIGGING: Healthy human subjects for drug-safety trials are in demand. But is it a living?”
homeless alcoholics
Who did SFBC International pay to participate in drug trials under ethically dubious conditions?
“GUINEA-PIGGING: Healthy human subjects for drug-safety trials are in demand. But is it a living?”
undocumented immigrants
Which moral theory is particularly difficult to apply to the general question of human guinea-pigging because it seems to depend mainly on the relationship between the participant and the study doctor?
- african moral theory
double-blind trials cannot be biased
What features or characteristics were positively correlated with knowledge scores?
“Medical House Officers’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Confidence Regarding Medical Ethics”
- age/life experiences
- jewish
What features or characteristics did not matter for knowledge scores?
“Medical House Officers’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Confidence Regarding Medical Ethics”
Sex, confidence, attitudes, previous training, and status with respect to the educational intervention
How long was the letter, and where was it published?
“A 1980 Letter on the Risk of Opioid Addiction”
- five sentences
- published in the Journal (1980)
80.8% of the articles that cited the letter failed to note what?
“A 1980 Letter on the Risk of Opioid Addiction”
failed to cite that it was given to people who were only treated once (no long term treatment) & received in hospital care (monitored)
