Exam 2 Flashcards
What part of the eye allows for sight?
Optic Nerve
What does light do in the eye that allows us to see
Refraction
Colored part of the eye
Iris
What does the first number mean on the Snellen Eye Chart
The first 20 in 20/20 vision is the testing distance so in this case is 20 feet.
What does the 2nd number mean on the Snellen Eye Chart?
The 2nd 20 in 20/20 vision relates to normal vision, so a normal person could see these words at 20 feet. If someone’s vision was 20/40, a person would need to come to 20 feet to see something that a normal person could see at 40 feet.
Constriction of the pupil
Miosis
Dilation of the pupil
Mydriasis
“Pink Eye”, inflammation of the membrane that lines the eyeball. Can be Bacterial or Viral. Very contagious.
Conjunctivitis
Treatment for Conjunctivitis
Antibacterial Eyedrops for bacterial infections only. Viral infections will clear up on their own
Blood/Fluid behind the eye. Usually comes with pressure increase because the fluid in the eye cannot be flushed out. Treatment includes corticosteroids.
Hyphema
Bleeding in the outside of the eye due to a blood vessel burst. Usually no treatment is needed and pt can continue with life as normal
Subconjunctival hemorrhage
Laceration of the cornea, incredibly painful as cornea is incredibly dense with nerve endings. Antibacterial eyedrops for treatment. Should clear up in a matter of days.
Corneal Abrasion
Break of the orbital bone, have pt look different directions to determine what muscles are affected as they are usually impacted by fracture.
Orbital Fracture
4th and 40 eye problems
Retinal tear and Proptosis
What does the gastrointestinal system do?
Responsible for consumption, digestion, and elimination
Provide nutrients, water, and electrolytes
Disorders here result in nutritional and metabolic imbalance
Often present as vague and nonspecific
Anatomy of smooth muscle in the gut
Most inner layer - Mucosa
Next layer - Submucosa
Muscle layer - Muscularis propia
Outer layer - Adventitia
Normal Physiology of the Stomach
Gastrin, histamine, and acetylcholine released when food enters system. This activates the proton pump which sends H+ ions into stomach. These combine with chloride ions to make stomach acid (hydrochloric acid)
Food passing what 2 nerves initiates swallowing?
Trigeminal and Hypoglossal
Responsibilities of the liver
Synthesize glucose, albumin, cholesterol
Store glycogen, lipids, micronutrients
Detoxify blood
Produce bile
Convert FA to ketones
What does bile even do?
Emulsify fats and fat-soluble vitamins, extremely acidic, break down food, reabsorbed by the distal ileum
Pancreas
Exocrine - Enzymes, electrolytes, and water
Endocrine - Insulin and Glucagon
Site of most absorption
Duodenum
20 ft long and ends in cecum
Small intestine
5 foot long and leads into the small intestine
Large intestine
About how much of water and electrolytes does the colon absorb?
90%
Condition where gastric HCI, bile, and pepsin enter the esophagus. Can be caused by increased distal pressure. More commonly in the elderly based on their lifestyle being more sedentary. Symptoms include heartburn, epigastric pain, dysphasia, nausea, and a dry cough
GERD
Condition that occurs when the upper part of the stomach bulges through your diaphragm into the chest cavity
Hiatal hernia
Treatment of GERD
Avoid triggers, meds, remove restrictive clothing, eat small meals, don’t lie down, limit obesity, limit stress, antacids
What do Proton-Pump inhibitors do and why does that help GERD?
Inhibit acid secretion and with less acid, there is not as much acid made by the glands of the stomach lining. Since there is less made, it can’t enter your esophagus. Common brand is Prilosec (Omeprazole)
What do H2 receptor antagonists do?
They block histamine receptors leading to no gastric acid release. Common brand is Zantac.
Antiacids
Work fast but only last about an hour. Can lead to diarrhea. Some physical barriers replicate mucosal lining (Pepto)
Erosion of stomach or duodenum, usually due to a H pylori infection or an imbalance between acid and mucus in the stomach.
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Difference between gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
Peptic Ulcer disease takes longer to heal
Is it good for someone with acute gastroenteritis to take anantiemetic medication?
NO, let them get it all out of their system. Because it will just make it last longer
Condition defined by less than 3 bowel movements per week or less than individual is used to. Affects 1/3 of people above 65 y/o.
Constipation
Common tx for Constipation
Fiber - help increase bulk
Exercise - promotes movement and muscle tone
Hydration
Diet - Sugar, flour, red meat are triggers
Stool Softeners - Reduce surface tension
Osmotic laxatives - Creates water attracting environment
How long does acute diarrhea normally last
1-3 days
Small intestine absorbs about how much fluid per day
9 L
Catch all diagnosis for altered digestion and diarrhea/constipation. No known cause and symptoms come and go
IBS
Genetic immune disorder making it difficult to process wheat, barley, and rye. Cell destruction overwhelms villi causing flattening and malabsorption
Celiac Disease
Viral or Bacterial disease that causes movement out of both ends due to the inflammation of the mucosal lining of the stomach
Gastroenteritis
Condition described by multiple herniations of mucosa and submucosa of the intestine through the muscular wall. Asymptomatic normally and diet change with no seeds can be helpful.
Diverticulosis
Condition described by inflammation of the diverticuli. Symptoms include severe abdominal cramping, constant pain in the LLQ, alternating constipation/diarrhea, fever, and rectal bleeding. Tx of high fiber diet, light exercise, and antibiotics.
Diverticulitis
2 major MOI for Liver injury
Direct - Crush injury
Deceleration - cause laceration as it continues to move
Referred pain for Liver injury
Right Shoulder or neck, RUQ pain
Most frequently injured organ in blunt trauma/sports
Spleen
Link between CNS and endocrine system
Hypothalamus
Hormones that are fat insoluble (normally end in -in or -ine). Do not enter cell
Amino Acid derivatives
Hormones compromised of amino acids. If it binds to a cell-surface receptor, it does not enter the cell
Peptide hormone
Hormones that enter the cell and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm
Steroid hormones
What is normal blood sugar
Blood sugar 70-100
What does Glucagon do?
Glucagon makes more glucose
What happens if glucagon is high and insulin is low
Breakdown of glycogen
What happens if glucagon is low and insulin is high
Storage of glucose in cells or liver
What condition does someone have with low TSH levels but high T3 and T4 levels
Hyperthyroidism
What condition does someone have with high TSH levels but low T3 and T4 levels
Hypothyroidism
Steps in fluid regulation
Baroreceptors sense pressure in the arteries. If it is low pressure, they send signal to hypothalamus saying that the body needs water. This causes the release of AVP causing the reabsorption of water and increase in blood pressure.
