Exam 1 Flashcards
Legally, ATs must do what 4 things
Maintain skills and knowledge
Provide reasonable standard of care
Appropriate medical referral
Uphold patient right to privacy
Conduct falling below an established and expected standard of care
Negligence
3 main methods of PPE
Office visit, Assembly Line Approach, Mass Screening Station approach
Movement in or out of cell
Cytosis
Cell eats stuff
Phagocytosis
Cell brings in
Endocytosis
Cell drinks
Pinocytosis
Cell excretes
Exocytosis
Thymus
Produces T-Cells
Less active in adults
T lymphocytes become immunocompetent
Spleen
Filters blood and lymph removing RBC and platelets
Lymph
System network of fluid, nodes, and vessels
Which 2 types of cells have “memory”
B and T cells
Humoral Response
Antigen enters -> B cell antibodies in blood -> Neutralize or marked antigen -> Natural killers destruct antigen
Innate Immune Response
1st Layer = skin, mucus membrane
2nd Layer = Cellular and Chemical
Chemical mediators cause what?
Chemotaxis (movement of organisms based on chemical reactions)
What does the Innate Immune response inhibit physically and for how long?
Muscle strength (2-4 weeks)
Aerobic Capacity (up to 3 months)
Adaptive Immune Response is used in the making of what?
Vaccines
Adaptive Immune Response
3rd Line of Defense
B cells produce antibodies specific to the antigen
Antibodies cure phagocytes
B-cells remember antigens
T-cells regulate B-cell activity
Moderate exercise does what to immune system function
decreases
3 reasons for sustained depression of immune system
Intense exersice
Lack of Recovery
Long-Duration activity
Risk of Infection
High in Inactive people
High in Elite competitors
Lower in Medium Workload group
Difference between nonprescription and prescription drugs
Potential for adverse events, interactions, or a identified timeframe is common with prescription drugs
Explain the parts of the Kinetic Concentration Curve
Onset Time - Time it takes for the drug to reach the MEC
MEC - Minimal Effective Concentration aka the minimum concentration of the drug in the system needed for the body to feel the effects
Therapeutic Range - Range between the MEC and MTC that provides a therapeutic effect for the body
MTC - Minimal Toxic Concentration aka the minimum concentration of the drug in the system needed for it to become toxic to the body
Molecular site where produces biological effect
Site of Action
Measure of metabolism and excretion
Clearance rate
Amount absorbed and rate or absorption
Bioavailability
Amount and rate of enter is the same
Bioequivalence
Drugs that more readily dissolve in the GI tract and are excreted by the kidney faster are known as
Water Soluble
Drugs that more easily cross membrane and are easier to enter the CNS are known as
Lipid Soluble
If drug isn’t strong enough to bind to albumin
Travel time or effect time will be affected
Medication that activates once it enters the body
Prodrug
Exercise effect on drugs
If you are not hydrated, less distribution of the drug
Pharmacodynamics
The study on the effect of drugs on the body both biochemically and physiologically
The study of parameters that determine the most appropriate therapy
Therapeutics
When taking 2 drugs, they help the same amount
Additive effect
When taking 2 drugs, you increase the overall effect
Synergistic effect
When taking 2 drugs at the same time, they reduce the overall effect
Antagonistic effect
If the key is the drug, what is the lock
Drug receptor
Most common B2 agonist
Albuterol
Primary effect of Albuterol
Increase HR and BP, Blood glucose increase
Secondary effect of Albuterol
Bronchodilation
Drug taken by people who have high BP and HR, lowers fight or flight, decreases blood glucose
B-Blocker
What are the things on a drug sign out sheet that should be listed
Name, Date, Lot Number, Time, Drug Given, Amount Given, Reason Given, Signature of ATC
Administering Drugs
Meds given to the patient that is consumed within 24 hrs. A dose intended as a 1-time treatment
Dispensing Drugs
Meds for more than 24-hr period and includes the interpretation of the prescription order
Ibuprofen
Category - NSAID
Typical dosage - 200 mg tablets (400mg every 6-8 hrs)
800 mg = prescription dose
aka Advil, Motrin, etc
Acetaminophen
Category - Analgesic
Typical dosage - 650 mg every 4-6 hrs
No more than 4 g/day
Naproxen sodium
Category - NSAID
Typical Dosage - 250-500 mg every 12 hrs
aka Aleve
Aspirin
Category - NSAID
Typical Dosage - 80 - 1000 mg every 4 hrs
Guaifenesin
Category - Mucolytic
Typical Dosage - 200 - 1200 mg
Main med in Mucinex
Dextromethorphan
Category - Antitussive
Typical Dosage - 5-15 mg every 2 hr or as needed
Diphenhydramine
Category - Antihistamine
Typical Dosage - 10 -50 mg every 4-6 hrs
aka Benedryl
Phenylephrine
Category - Decongestant
Typical Dosage - 5 - 10 mg
FDA says no workey
Pseudoephedrine
Category - Decongestant
Typical Dosage - 60 mg every 4-6 hr
Pathway of Blood to the Heart
SVC - RA - RV - PA - Lungs - LA - LV - AO - Body
Top 3 causes of SCD
HCM, Anomalous CA, and Myocarditis
How long can T Cells and B Cells live for?
Years
Why is blood doping bad?
Coagulates blood causing clotting
Pathogenesis of Sickle Cell
Presence of Sickle cell leads to low o2 tension distorting the shape of a RBC. Since this cell cannot carry as much O2, it stiffens causing hemolysis. This leads to cramping sensations, logjammed blood vessels, and explosive rhabdo. From this, people experience Acute Renal Failure (ARF) leading to more potassium (K+) in the blood stream causing an arrhythmia and eventually a heart attack.
Hematocrit
The percentage by volume of red cells in your blood
Condition marked by hypertrophy of the heart, increased cardiac output, and common in endurance athletes
Athletic Heart
CAA High Risk Site
Where coronary artery makes an acute bend and runs between pulmonary artery and aorta
CAA Most Common Site
Left coronary artery arising from right sinus of Valsalva
CAA Right Side
Right coronary artery arising from left sinus of Valsalva
Wolfe-Parkinson White (WPW)
Found during delta wave of an EKG, curative with catheter ablation, recommended all athletes need cardiology eval/EP study and can return to all competitive sports after ablation
Would you give someone with Von Willebrand Factor blood clot meds?
No
Electrical Conduction of the heart
SA Node -> AV Node -> Bundle of His -> R and L bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers
What substance does the liver produce in the Renin-Angiotensin-aldosterone system?
Angiotensinogen
What does Angiotensinogen turn into and with help from what?
Angiotensin 1, Renin from the kidney
What does angiotensin 1 turn into with help from what?
Angiotensin 2, ACE (Angiotensin Converter Enzyme) from the lungs
What are 3 responses caused by Angiotensin 2
Increase in Sympathetic Activity
Arteriolar vasoconstriction leading to an increase in BP
Increase in Pituitary gland activity leading to ADH secretion, leading to H2O reabsorption
If I take an Angiotensin 2 blocker (ARBY), what happens?
Sympathetic Activity decreases
No vasoconstriction
No water reabsorption
If I take an ACE inhibitor, what happens?
Angiotensin 1 doesn’t turn into Angiotensin 2, leading to no downstream effects
What hematocrit levels signal anemia in males and females?
41% in males, 37% in females
Medication that stops blood cells from sticking together
Antiplatelet
Medication that lowers cholesterol
Statins
Medications that dilate your blood vessels
Nitrates
Can taking a statin increase the odds of a rhabdo event during general exercise?
Yes
What type of conditions are electrical channel blockers used for
Arrhythmias
Arterial blood
PCO2 - 40 mmHg
PO2 - 100 mmHg
Venous blood
PCO2 - 46 mmHg
PO2 - 40 mmHg
Ambient Air
PCO2 - 0.2 mmHg
PO2 - 160 mmHg
What inflammatory mediators are involved with a cold
PGE, LTs, and kinins
Explain the procedure of allergies on a cell level from Sensitization to clinical effects
Once we first experience an allergen, we make antibodies on our B-cells, we do not experience any major symptoms. From this we arm Mast cells with these receptors so next time when antigen is present, our body sounds the alarm to release mediators causing anaphylaxis, asthma, and hay fever.
SABA and LABA
Short Acting Beta Agonist
Long Acting Beta Agonist
Steps of Management for Asthma
- SABA prn
- Low-dose ICS
- Low-dose ICS + LABA or Med-dose ICS
- Med-dose ICS + LABA
- Hi-dose ICS + LABA (maybe allergy meds as well)
- Hi-dose ICS + LABA + Allergy meds
Step down if controlled for more than 3 months