Exam 2

Question 1

what is the normal range in systolic and distolic pressures in a human as determined in a pressure cuff around the arm

Answer 1

a range around 120/80

Question 2

why is the ductus arteriosus open in a human/mammalian fetus

Answer 2

direct blood flow away from the lungs

Question 3

how is it that blood can be diverted in a respiratory gas exchange pathway and at the same time blood to the systemic muscles of other organs in the frog heart when there is only 2 atria and 2 ventricle?

Answer 3

frogs have a double circulatory system, so they can have pulmonary and systemic circulation. this is because they have a partially divided ventricle and efficient oxygen uptake in the lungs, allows them to supply oxygen to their tissues and lungs

Question 4

based on the blood circulation of the african lung fish, why is this unusual? why would this anatomy be advantageous to a fish

Answer 4

the fish as gills as well as lungs and can oxygenize its blood using either. due to the climate having wet/dry period, the fish can swim on land when out of water during the dry period

Question 5

calculate the mean arterial pressure given the following:

heart rate 80 beats per min, pulse diff 100 mmHg, diastolic pressure 50 mmHg, systolic pressure 120 mmHg, and hematocrit is 55%. sodium concentration in blood is 110mM.

Answer 5

50 + (1/3)(120-50) = 73.3

Question 6

what kind of receptor classification are the receptors of the human skeletal neuromuscular junction under?
A. nicotinic
B. muscarinic
C. norepinephrine
D. glutaminergic
E. GABA-nergic

Answer 6

A. Nicotinic

Question 7

what kind of receptor classification are the receptors on the human heart that would be activated by transmitter released by the vagal nerve.
A. nicotinic
B. muscarinic
C. norepinephrine
D. glutaminergic
E. GABA-nergic

Answer 7

B. muscarinic

Question 8

The august krogh principle is:
A. the chemical gradient is balanced by the electrical gradient for ions at equilibrium
B. the same as homeostasis
C. that for every well defined physiological problem there is an animal optimally suited to yield an answer
D. that for every well defined physiological problem there is no optimally suited animal to yield an answer

Answer 8

C. that for every well defined physiological problem there is an animal optimally suited to yield an answer

Question 9

in general, slow oxidative muscle fibers have ______ numbers of mitochondria than fast glycolytic
A. greater
B. fewer

Answer 9

A. greater

Question 10

TRUE or FALSE

decreasing the degree of saturation of the lipid tails for lipids in a membrane, will result in the membrane having an increase in its fluid

Answer 10

TRUE

Question 11

the force driving fluids to leak from capillaries into the interstitial tissue on the arterial side is:
a. osmotic pressure of the blood
b. osmotic pressure of the interstitial tissues
c. hydrostatic pressure of the blood
d. hydrostatic pressure of the lymph
e. colloid pressure of the blood

Answer 11

c. hydrostatic pressure of the blood

Question 12

what is the main role of the t-tubule in mammalian skeletal muscle
a. to store calcium for muscle contraction
b. to store the acetylcholinesterase for inactivation of acetylcholine
c. to re-uptake the calcium after contraction
d. to conduct the depolarization wave along its length into deep layers of the muscle
e. to hold the postsynaptic receptors in place so that they will stay in the synaptic cleft

Answer 12

d. to conduct the depolarization wave along its length into deep layers of the muscle

Question 13

what mechanism best describes the effect of enhancing visual contrast in mammals which occurs in the retina
a. divergence in neural paths
b. disinhibition
c. facilitation
d. accommodation
e. lateral inhibition

Answer 13

e. lateral inhibition

Question 14

which blood vesicle in the adult human is the most highly oxygenated
a. aorta.
b. pulmonary artery
c. pulmonary vein
d. superior vena cava
e. systemic arteries to skeletal muscles

Answer 14

c. pulmonary vein

Question 15

what is one of many reasons the leech has been a model in neurobiological research

Answer 15

the number of neurons and neural connections in a leech are well numbered (400), which make it useful in neurobiological research. also the vagus nerve runs through the blood vessels in a leech.

Question 16

which of the following hormones can interact with dna response elements to directly regulate gene transcription
a. progesterone
b. oxytocin
c. prolactin
d. growth hormone
e. insulin

Answer 16

a. progesterone

Question 17

which hormone stimulates synthesis of milk in mammals
a. oxytocin
b. gonadotropin
c. prolactin
d. arginine vasotocin
e. leukotrienes

Answer 17

c. prolactin

Question 18

which of the following hormones is regulated by both a releasing hormone and an inhibiting hormone from the hypothalamus
a. growth hormone GH
b. luteinizing hormone LH
c. adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH
d. follicle stimulating hormone FSH
e. thyroid stimulating hormone TSH

Answer 18

a. growth hormone GH

Question 19

a condition related to excess growth hormone as a human adult leads to a condition called
a. acromeglia
b. klinefelters syndrome
c. androgen insensitivity
d. addisons disease
e. dwarfism

Answer 19

a. acromeglia

Question 20

which of the following hormones reduces serum calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts
a. calcitonin
b. mineralcorticoid
c. parathyroid hormone
d. glucocorticoid
e. calcium reducing hormone

Answer 20

a. calcitonin

Question 21

what would happen to a person if the lymphatic system was clogged up or blocked in a leg

Answer 21

their legs would swell

Question 22

where is the greatest drop is systemic blood pressure in a mammalian circulatory system
a. aorta
b. arterioles
c. capillaries
d. veins

Answer 22

b. arterioles

Question 23

where is the lowest blood pressure in the closed circulatory system in the following structures for a mammal
a. arterioles
b. capillaries
c. venules
d. the vein right before the heart

Answer 23

d. the vein right before the heart

Question 24

if one was dehydrated, what would be expected to happen to heart rate and why

Answer 24

heart rate would increase to help maintain blood flow and circulation despite reduced blood volume

Question 25

why in hypertension the carotid sinus doesnt keep it checked to then maintain blood pressure back to a normal range

Answer 25

the fluid cannot be circulated properly and the carotid sinus is made to maintain blood pressure due to the constriction.

Question 26

if the aorta became stiff what would happen to systolic pressure and what would happen to diastolic pressure as measured in ones arm with pressure cuffs

Answer 26

• systolic: pressure would rise
  -diastolic: pressure would fall

Question 27

what are two local factors which can result in vasodilation is exercising skeletal muscle in a mammal

Answer 27

increased metabolic activity and local tissue hypoxia

Question 28

the human embryonic heart begins beating approximately how many days after conception? approximately how many days is the time between menstrual cycles in a female human

Answer 28

• 21 days after conception
• 28 days for menstrual cycle

Question 29

how much blood volume on average is in a human (in liters)

Answer 29

5 liters

Question 30

if someone told you that their aorta does not run down on their left side but on their right side and they dont know how its possible, what would be a logical scientific answer to provide to this person

Answer 30

could be due to an individual having situs inversus, which organs are mirrored or reversed from their usual positions.

Question 31

oxytocin has an action on which tissue

Answer 31

uterus

Question 32

in the heart sounds, the first heart tone, or S1 is due to which values

Answer 32

sa node. closure of triaspid valve

Question 33

if one heard lub-dub swish when listening to a mammalian heart, what is likely the problem

Answer 33

the swish is due to the backflow of blood caused by a leaky valve. lub-dub swish may be caused by issues in the pulmonary valve or aortic valve.

Question 34

what is so unusual about the funny channel f typa Na+ channel in the mammalian heart as we covered in class

Answer 34

the funny channel opens with hyperpolarization while typical Na+ channel open with depolarization

Question 35

we talked about the bird brain in some types of singing birds and we talked about montane and prairie voles in relation to a transgenic mouse in class . pick one of these topics and describe what was so amazing about these model systems

Answer 35

the bird brain can increase in size and generate new neurons corresponding to song behavior. this is a hormonal response and the brain/neural connections can return to normal after the season is over.