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PSY 302 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of color vision?

A

color helps us identify and classify things, helps to facilitate perceptual organization

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2
Q

What is spectral reflectance?

A

object surfaces reflect different amounts of light depending on the wavelengths

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3
Q

What does the reflectance curve tell us about each pigment type in terms of wavelength?

A

reflectance curve shows percentage of light reflected for specific wavelengths, the color we can see is where the plot is the highest.
also tells us about the relative wavelengths of different colors (blue lowest, then green, then yellow)

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4
Q

What is the result of additive color mixing and what is a real-world example of it?

A

Mixing lights of different wavelengths
The sum of all component wavelengths
Real-world example: if RGB screens that mix light sources

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5
Q

What is the result of subtractive color mixing and what is a real-world example of it?

A

Mixing paints with different pigments
Mixture reflects wavelengths that are reflected in common by components
Real-world example: color printing with CMYK, mixing of absorbing pigments and the color that shows is what is reflected by both colors individually

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6
Q

What does trichromatic theory claim about color perception?

A

Three different receptor mechanisms are responsible for color vision
(1) Three primaries are enough to match any test light in normal subjects
(2) Lights that are physically different can look the same (metamers)
(3) Two primaries are enough for color-deficient subjects

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7
Q

What is the general procedure in a color matching experiment? (trichromatic theory)

A

Participants changed the amounts of three different wavelengths of light to match a test color

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8
Q

What were the findings of the color matching experiment and how were they supportive of the trichromatic theory?

A

All colors on the visible light spectrum can be created by combinations of the three wavelengths

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9
Q

What is the physiological basis of the trichromatic theory?

A

There are three pigments: S-, M-, & L- cone

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10
Q

What are metamers? (trichromatic theory)

A

Two lights that have different wavelength distributions but are perceptually identical
Reason they look alike is because they both result in the same patter of response in the 3 cone receptors

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11
Q

Why do we need three different types of cones for color perception? (trichromatic theory)

A

One receptor type cannot lead to color vision bc: (1) absorption of a photon causes same effect no matter what the wavelength (2) any two wavelengths can cause the same response by changing the intensity (3) Principle of Univariance
If you only had one visual pigment you could match wavelengths by adjusting intensity but you would see shades of grey, you need more than one for color

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12
Q

What is the principle of univariance? (trichromatic theory)

A

Once a photon of light is absorbed by a visual pigment molecule, the identity of light’s wavelength is lost

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13
Q

What does the opponent process theory claim about color perception?

A

Color vision is caused by opposing responses generated by blue and yellow, and by green and red

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14
Q

Both introspection and behavioral experiments were done to provide for the opponent process theory; what was the reasoning behind introspection and behavioral evidence (color afterimages)?

A

-Introspection: visualization of some color combination is easier than others
-Color afterimages: adaptation of colors leads to perception of aftercolors
-Hue cancellation: opposite colors of light cancel out each other
-Discovery of opponent neuron: has an excitatory response to wavelengths in one part of the spectrum and an inhibitory response to wavelengths in the other part of the spectrum

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15
Q

How can trichromatic and opponent process theory be connected?

A

Both are correct. Trichromatic-responses of the cones in the retina
Opponent-process: neural response for cells connected to all the cones further in the brain
Trichromacy -> Opponent Process: Opponency can be created by combining excitatory and inhibitory input from three cone types

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16
Q

What are the four types of color deficiencies and what is the missing pigment for each type?

A
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17
Q

What is the main problem in depth perception?

A
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18
Q

What is a depth cue?

A
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19
Q

What are oculomotor cues?

A
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20
Q

Monocular (one-eye) cues

A
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21
Q

What is a static cue? (monocular)

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22
Q

Position-based cues

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23
Q

Size-based cues

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24
Q

Lighting-based cues

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25
Q

Dynamic cues

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26
Q

What is the horopter?

A
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27
Q

What is binocular disparity?

A
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28
Q

What is the relationship between the horopter and binocular disparity?

A
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29
Q

What is stereopsis?

A
30
Q

What is RDS and what does it tell us about the correspondence problem?

A
31
Q

What do we know about the receptive fields of binocular depth cells?

A
32
Q

What are some rules for integration of depth cues?

A
33
Q

What did Holway & Boring find about size judgments and depth cues?

A
34
Q

What is size constancy?

A
35
Q

What is size-distance invariance and shape-slant invariance?

A
36
Q

What does Emmert’s law claim about the size of retinal image and perceived size?

A
37
Q

What are some real-world examples of the Ponzo illusion? (Relate to depth cues)

A
38
Q

How would you explain the Ames room using size-distance scaling or relative size?

A
39
Q

How would you explain the moon illusion using apparent distance or angular size contrast?

A
40
Q

What are the four ways to perceive motion?

A
41
Q

What is the key component allowing a Reichardt detector to detect motion?

A
42
Q

How would you explain above-baseling activation (adaptation) during motion with Reichardt detectors?

A
43
Q

How would you explain below-baseline activation (fatigue) after motion?

A
44
Q

What are MT neurons tuned to?

A
45
Q

How does spatial arrangement of V1 RFs contribute to MT neurons’ tuning/preference?

A
46
Q

What is the difference in tuning/preference between neurons within each column?

A
47
Q

What are some findings from lesion studies that support MT’s role in motion perception?

A
48
Q

Movshon and Newsome applied microstimulation to a group of MT neurons to see if it changes the monkeys’ perceived motion direction. What did they find?

A
49
Q

How does apparent motion help with perceptual organization? Think about Reichardt detectors and temporal delays.

A
50
Q

How does motion help with figure-ground organization? Think about border ownership and grouping by common fate.

A
51
Q

What is biological motion?

A
52
Q

What do we see with a point-light walker stimulus?

A
53
Q

Which areas in the brain have been found to be associated with perception of biological motion?

A
54
Q

What are some differences between saccades and smooth pursuit?

A
55
Q

According to the corollary discharge theory, what are the three signals that enable movement perception?

A
56
Q

What would the comparator signal to the brain if there is only CDS?

A
57
Q

What would the comparator signal to the brain if there is only IDS?

A
58
Q

What would the comparator signal to the brain if there is both CDS and IDS present?

A
59
Q

How do afterimages and paralyzing eye muscle provide behavioral evidence for the corollary discharge signal?

A
60
Q

How does anticipatory “remapping” of neurons’ RF support the existence of corollary discharge signal?

A
61
Q

What is change blindness and continuity error, and what do they demonstrate in terms of attention’s role in perception?

A
62
Q

Explain how a dichotic listening experiment can deomstrate the influence of focused attention on auditory perception.

A
63
Q

What are overt and covert attention?

A
64
Q

What does Posner’s experiment suggest about attentional enhancement/suppression of perception?

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65
Q

What happens when attention is switched in and out of receptive field of a visual neuron?

A
66
Q

The feature integration theory proposed by Treisman splits attention into a preattentive and a focused attention stage. What are the functions of attention in this theory?

A
67
Q

What are illusory conjunctions?

A
68
Q

In the experiment by Treisman & Schmidt, participants were presented briefly with shapes and numbers and were instructed to report numbers followed by shapes. What did they find?

A
69
Q

What are the procedure in a typical visual search experiment?

A
70
Q

What were the findings from Treisman & Gelade (1980) and how does feature integration theory explain these findings?

A
71
Q

What is the difference between top-down and bottom-up attentional control?

A
72
Q

Describe the neural circuits controlling the deployment of attention and the neuropsychological evidence for attentional control.

A

PSY 302 (5 decks)

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