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Abnormal Psych > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

excessive worry about multiple matters

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2
Q

specific phobia

A

fear and avoidance of one thing

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3
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear of public places or situations where escape may be difficult

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4
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

fear of social situations involving scrutiny and/or embarassment

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5
Q

panic disorder

A

repeated, unexpected panic attacks

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6
Q

DSM classifications of social anxiety disorder

A

1) fear of one or more social situations involving exposure to scrutiny
2) fear of negative evaluation/embarrassment
3) avoidance

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7
Q

CBT for social anxiety disorder

A

stage 1: psychoeducation
stage 2: cognitive restructuring
stage 3: exposure
stage 4: advanced cognitive restructuring
stage 5: termination

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8
Q

cognitive restructuring

A

identifying, challenging, and replacing automatic negative thoughts with more functional ones

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9
Q

exposure therapy: exposure approach

A

systemic desensitization (fear hierarchy; relaxation training) vs flooding

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10
Q

exposure therapy: modality

A

imaginal vs in vivo vs VR

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11
Q

how does classical conditioning relate to social anxiety disorder

A

initiation
voice a complaint or emotion; make mistake = NS
father reprimand= US
fear/embarrassment = UR
voice complaint or emotion; make mistake: CS
fear/embarrassment= CR

classical condition leads to extinction: when CS no longer signals US
voice complaint/emotion;make mistake= CS
no reprimand= US
fear (CR) dissipates

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12
Q

operant conditioning in social anxiety disorder

A

maintenance
negative reinforcement: take away or avoid something to increase frequency of a behavior
avoidance of a feared situation is negatively reinforcing the social anxiety
the more you avoid, the less chance for relearning

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13
Q

DSM criteria for GAD

A

1) for 6+ months person experiences uncontrollable and ongoing anxiety/worry about many matters
2) anxiety and worry associated with at least 3 of following: edginess, fatigue, poor concentration, irritability, muscle tension, sleep problems
3)significant distress of impairment

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14
Q

fear circuit

A

biological influence for GAD
shows hyperactivity among those with GAD in the amygdala
interconnectivity
GABA
Benzodiazepines for txt

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15
Q

psychodynamic conceptualization of GAD

A

ineffective defense mechanisms
worry as defense mechanism

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16
Q

worry

A

thoughts about possible future threats; central feature of GAD

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17
Q

metacognitive model of GAD

A

trigger: negative thought (what if?) or external event
positive meta-beliefs (coping)
negative meta-beliefs (uncontrollable and dangerous)

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18
Q

acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)

A

deals with cognitive fusion and defusion techniques such as “Im having the thought that” or mindfulness techniques

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19
Q

cognitive fusion

A

thoughts are not functional or dysfunctional
it is only fusion with thoughts that is problematic

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20
Q

major depression

A

distress/impairment and 5 of following for at least 2 weeks:
emotional: depressed mood, anhedonia, worthlessness
behavioral: psychomotor agitation/retardation observed by others
somatic: weight loss/gain and decreased/increased appetite, insomnia/hypersomnia, fatigue/lethargy/loss of energy
cognitive: diminished concentration/decisiveness and recurrent thoughts of death;suicidal ideation; plan or attempt

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21
Q

anhedonia

A

diminished interest or pleasure

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22
Q

persistent depressive disorder

A

depressed mood at least 2 years and at least 2:
poor appetite/overeating
insomnia/hypersomnia
low energy/fatigue
low self esteem
poor concentration/difficulty making decisions
feeling hopeless

during 2 years, symptoms not absent for more than 2 months at a time
significant distress or impairment

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23
Q

psychodynamic perspective on depression

A

depression related to early loss and unexpressed feelings of sadness and anger
defense mechanisms

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24
Q

cognitive behavioral perspective

A

behavioral:
lack of positive reinforcement
behavioral activation
anger management/assertiveness training/social skills training
sleep hygeine

cognitive:
negative cognitive styles
negative cognitive triad - self world and future
cognitive restructuring

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25
Q

IPT - interpersonal therapy for depression

A

identify and remediate interpersonal issues that contribute to, and maintain, depressive symptoms

grief/loss
disputes
transitions
deficits

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26
Q

depression circuit

A

similar to fear network but not universally hyperactive; Brodmann area 25 (subgenual cingulate) is hyperactive
serotonin and NE = lower [] and activity
glutamate= lots of receptors but not enough glutamate itself

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27
Q

serotonin medications

A

SSRI’s (prozac, paxil, zoloft, lexapro)

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28
Q

NE medicatons

A

SNRIs

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29
Q

side effects of serotonin and NE

A

sexual dysfunction, nausea, diarrhea, agitation, mania in BPD
50-60% effective
more effective for more severe depression

30
Q

glutamate medications

A

ketamine (spravato)

31
Q

what is more effective CBT or SSRI/SNRIs

A

both equally effective
enhance efficacy by combining medication and therapy
maintenance of treatment after remission helps prevent relapse

32
Q

ECT is used as a treatment for

A

depression

33
Q

deep brain stimulation targets

A

Brodmann area 25 for depression

34
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is used to treat

A

depression

35
Q

manic episode

A

elevated or irritable mood and increased goal directed behavior or energy for at least one week. marked impairment and three or more:
inflated self esteem/grandiosity
delusions/hallucinations
decreased need for sleep
more talkative/pressured speech
flight of ideas/racing thoughts
distracted
increased activity
risky activities

36
Q

hypomanic episode

A

same symptoms as mania but do not interfere with daily functioning and do not involve delusions

37
Q

grandiosity

A

exaggerated self worth, importance or ability

38
Q

euthymia

A

mood functioning within normal limits

39
Q

what is more severe BP1 or BP2

A

BP1 is more severe

40
Q

BPII

A

major depression and hypomanic symptoms
no manic episodes

41
Q

BP1

A

manic episodes and major depression not necessary for diagnosis

42
Q

delusions

A

fixed firm beliefs

43
Q

hallucinations

A

false sensory experiences

44
Q

pressured speech

A

talking faster than usual, feeling like you cant stop talking

45
Q

genetic contribution to BPD

A

heritability estimate = 60%

46
Q

irregular ion activity - bipolar

A

research shows irregularities in ion transport making neurons more or less likely to fire

47
Q

dysregulation of circadian system- bipolar

A

SCN within the hypothalamus is the internal pacemaker in a free running state and influenced by external factors
People who are prone to Bipolar may have a stable dysfunction in circadian rhythm particularly in free running state which could be affected by genetic factors

48
Q

treatment for bipolar

A

lithium - mood stabilizer
combining treatment with therapy

49
Q

care principles from ISRT and FFT for bipolar

A

1) stabilize routines and relationships
2)monitor moods/identify early warning signs (prodromal symptoms) - develop mania prevention plan
3) recognize and manage stress triggers
4) explore medication adherence

50
Q

prodromal symptoms

A

early warning signs of bipolar

51
Q

conversion disorder

A

very rare
DSM:
altered voluntary motor or sensory functions
incompatibility between symptoms and known condition
distress/impairment
“i’ve lost feeling in my hand”

52
Q

psychodynamic perspective - conversion disorder

A

hysteria

53
Q

hysteria

A

unconscious (unintentional) symptoms

54
Q

primary gain

A

reduction of anxiety and unconscious conflict
this is what maintains the condition

55
Q

secondary gain

A

sympathy and sick role
another thing that happens when people get these physical symptoms is that they receive sympathy and attention (all the things that come along with the sick role)

56
Q

glove anesthesia is an example of

A

conversion disorder

57
Q

cognitive behavioral - conversion disorder

A

somatic vigilence - more and more intense bodily sensations than usual

58
Q

factitious disorder

A

DSM:
Falsification or induction of injury or disease to gain attention/sick role
Deception in the absence of obvious external rewards
Present self or other as sick/damaged

deliberately faking an illness - perpetrator is diagnosed not the child
pathological need to gain medical attention/sick role

59
Q

malingering

A

intentional faking of symptoms for external benefit ; not a psychiatric disorder

60
Q

DID - dissociative identity disorder

A

two or more identities that take over behavior

disruption of identity characterized by two or more personality states

lack of only one specific identity
significant distress or impairment

61
Q

acute stress disorder

A

symptoms begin within four weeks of event and last for less than one month

62
Q

recurrent gaps in memory occurs in what disorder

A

DID

63
Q

Chris Sizemore

A

“Three Faces of Eve”
movie based on this person - she came to therapy because she was having severe headaches followed by blackouts that lasted minutes to days

the reason she really went to therapy was becasue she had a young child and she was worried about her blackouts thinking she had amnesia

turns out she had DID

64
Q

Host identity or primary identity

A

the most frequently encountered personality
E.WHITE was host identity in chris sizemore’s case

65
Q

alters or sub personalities

A

differ in striking ways from host and each other (age, gender, handedness, fMRIs)
Eve Black- would get drunk and allow Eve white to deal with hangover.

66
Q

posttraumatic theory

A

DID starts with a child’s attempt to cope with trauma
over 95% of people with DID report memories of severe childhood abuse

67
Q

sociocognitive theory

A

DID - one of two theories
people with particular personality traits like fantasy proneness and suggestibility
exposure to media/therapist
socially constructed/iatrogenic
iver 80% no knowledge prior to treatment, experts can’t distinguish

exposure to things like the media

68
Q

iatrogenic

A

manufacture of disorder by its treatment
condition that is created by the treatment

mostly DID - only happens when someone goes to therapy

69
Q

treatment of DID- posttraumatic theory

A

recover memories
integration

70
Q

treatment of DID- sociocognitive theory

A

reduce reinforcement for dissociation
encourage acceptance of, and other ways of coping with, distress

71
Q
A

Abnormal Psych (2 decks)

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