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Abnormal Psych > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

excessive worry about multiple matters

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2
Q

specific phobia

A

fear and avoidance of one thing

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3
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear of public places or situations where escape may be difficult

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4
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

fear of social situations involving scrutiny and/or embarassment

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5
Q

panic disorder

A

repeated, unexpected panic attacks

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6
Q

DSM classifications of social anxiety disorder

A

1) fear of one or more social situations involving exposure to scrutiny
2) fear of negative evaluation/embarrassment
3) avoidance

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7
Q

CBT for social anxiety disorder

A

stage 1: psychoeducation
stage 2: cognitive restructuring
stage 3: exposure
stage 4: advanced cognitive restructuring
stage 5: termination

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8
Q

cognitive restructuring

A

identifying, challenging, and replacing automatic negative thoughts with more functional ones

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9
Q

exposure therapy: exposure approach

A

systemic desensitization (fear hierarchy; relaxation training) vs flooding

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10
Q

exposure therapy: modality

A

imaginal vs in vivo vs VR

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11
Q

how does classical conditioning relate to social anxiety disorder

A

initiation
voice a complaint or emotion; make mistake = NS
father reprimand= US
fear/embarrassment = UR
voice complaint or emotion; make mistake: CS
fear/embarrassment= CR

classical condition leads to extinction: when CS no longer signals US
voice complaint/emotion;make mistake= CS
no reprimand= US
fear (CR) dissipates

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12
Q

operant conditioning in social anxiety disorder

A

maintenance
negative reinforcement: take away or avoid something to increase frequency of a behavior
avoidance of a feared situation is negatively reinforcing the social anxiety
the more you avoid, the less chance for relearning

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13
Q

DSM criteria for GAD

A

1) for 6+ months person experiences uncontrollable and ongoing anxiety/worry about many matters
2) anxiety and worry associated with at least 3 of following: edginess, fatigue, poor concentration, irritability, muscle tension, sleep problems
3)significant distress of impairment

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14
Q

fear circuit

A

biological influence for GAD
shows hyperactivity among those with GAD in the amygdala
interconnectivity
GABA
Benzodiazepines for txt

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15
Q

psychodynamic conceptualization of GAD

A

ineffective defense mechanisms
worry as defense mechanism

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16
Q

worry

A

thoughts about possible future threats; central feature of GAD

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17
Q

metacognitive model of GAD

A

trigger: negative thought (what if?) or external event
positive meta-beliefs (coping)
negative meta-beliefs (uncontrollable and dangerous)

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18
Q

acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)

A

deals with cognitive fusion and defusion techniques such as “Im having the thought that” or mindfulness techniques

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19
Q

cognitive fusion

A

thoughts are not functional or dysfunctional
it is only fusion with thoughts that is problematic

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20
Q

major depression

A

distress/impairment and 5 of following for at least 2 weeks:
emotional: depressed mood, anhedonia, worthlessness
behavioral: psychomotor agitation/retardation observed by others
somatic: weight loss/gain and decreased/increased appetite, insomnia/hypersomnia, fatigue/lethargy/loss of energy
cognitive: diminished concentration/decisiveness and recurrent thoughts of death;suicidal ideation; plan or attempt

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21
Q

anhedonia

A

diminished interest or pleasure

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22
Q

persistent depressive disorder

A

depressed mood at least 2 years and at least 2:
poor appetite/overeating
insomnia/hypersomnia
low energy/fatigue
low self esteem
poor concentration/difficulty making decisions
feeling hopeless

during 2 years, symptoms not absent for more than 2 months at a time
significant distress or impairment

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23
Q

psychodynamic perspective on depression

A

depression related to early loss and unexpressed feelings of sadness and anger
defense mechanisms

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24
Q

cognitive behavioral perspective

A

behavioral:
lack of positive reinforcement
behavioral activation
anger management/assertiveness training/social skills training
sleep hygeine

cognitive:
negative cognitive styles
negative cognitive triad - self world and future
cognitive restructuring

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25
IPT - interpersonal therapy for depression
identify and remediate interpersonal issues that contribute to, and maintain, depressive symptoms grief/loss disputes transitions deficits
26
depression circuit
similar to fear network but not universally hyperactive; Brodmann area 25 (subgenual cingulate) is hyperactive serotonin and NE = lower [] and activity glutamate= lots of receptors but not enough glutamate itself
27
serotonin medications
SSRI's (prozac, paxil, zoloft, lexapro)
28
NE medicatons
SNRIs
29
side effects of serotonin and NE
sexual dysfunction, nausea, diarrhea, agitation, mania in BPD 50-60% effective more effective for more severe depression
30
glutamate medications
ketamine (spravato)
31
what is more effective CBT or SSRI/SNRIs
both equally effective enhance efficacy by combining medication and therapy maintenance of treatment after remission helps prevent relapse
32
ECT is used as a treatment for
depression
33
deep brain stimulation targets
Brodmann area 25 for depression
34
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is used to treat
depression
35
manic episode
elevated or irritable mood and increased goal directed behavior or energy for at least one week. marked impairment and three or more: inflated self esteem/grandiosity delusions/hallucinations decreased need for sleep more talkative/pressured speech flight of ideas/racing thoughts distracted increased activity risky activities
36
hypomanic episode
same symptoms as mania but do not interfere with daily functioning and do not involve delusions
37
grandiosity
exaggerated self worth, importance or ability
38
euthymia
mood functioning within normal limits
39
what is more severe BP1 or BP2
BP1 is more severe
40
BPII
major depression and hypomanic symptoms no manic episodes
41
BP1
manic episodes and major depression not necessary for diagnosis
42
delusions
fixed firm beliefs
43
hallucinations
false sensory experiences
44
pressured speech
talking faster than usual, feeling like you cant stop talking
45
genetic contribution to BPD
heritability estimate = 60%
46
irregular ion activity - bipolar
research shows irregularities in ion transport making neurons more or less likely to fire
47
dysregulation of circadian system- bipolar
SCN within the hypothalamus is the internal pacemaker in a free running state and influenced by external factors People who are prone to Bipolar may have a stable dysfunction in circadian rhythm particularly in free running state which could be affected by genetic factors
48
treatment for bipolar
lithium - mood stabilizer combining treatment with therapy
49
care principles from ISRT and FFT for bipolar
1) stabilize routines and relationships 2)monitor moods/identify early warning signs (prodromal symptoms) - develop mania prevention plan 3) recognize and manage stress triggers 4) explore medication adherence
50
prodromal symptoms
early warning signs of bipolar
51
conversion disorder
very rare DSM: altered voluntary motor or sensory functions incompatibility between symptoms and known condition distress/impairment "i've lost feeling in my hand"
52
psychodynamic perspective - conversion disorder
hysteria
53
hysteria
unconscious (unintentional) symptoms
54
primary gain
reduction of anxiety and unconscious conflict this is what maintains the condition
55
secondary gain
sympathy and sick role another thing that happens when people get these physical symptoms is that they receive sympathy and attention (all the things that come along with the sick role)
56
glove anesthesia is an example of
conversion disorder
57
cognitive behavioral - conversion disorder
somatic vigilence - more and more intense bodily sensations than usual
58
factitious disorder
DSM: Falsification or induction of injury or disease to gain attention/sick role Deception in the absence of obvious external rewards Present self or other as sick/damaged deliberately faking an illness - perpetrator is diagnosed not the child pathological need to gain medical attention/sick role
59
malingering
intentional faking of symptoms for external benefit ; not a psychiatric disorder
60
DID - dissociative identity disorder
two or more identities that take over behavior disruption of identity characterized by two or more personality states lack of only one specific identity significant distress or impairment
61
acute stress disorder
symptoms begin within four weeks of event and last for less than one month
62
recurrent gaps in memory occurs in what disorder
DID
63
Chris Sizemore
"Three Faces of Eve" movie based on this person - she came to therapy because she was having severe headaches followed by blackouts that lasted minutes to days the reason she really went to therapy was becasue she had a young child and she was worried about her blackouts thinking she had amnesia turns out she had DID
64
Host identity or primary identity
the most frequently encountered personality E.WHITE was host identity in chris sizemore's case
65
alters or sub personalities
differ in striking ways from host and each other (age, gender, handedness, fMRIs) Eve Black- would get drunk and allow Eve white to deal with hangover.
66
posttraumatic theory
DID starts with a child's attempt to cope with trauma over 95% of people with DID report memories of severe childhood abuse
67
sociocognitive theory
DID - one of two theories people with particular personality traits like fantasy proneness and suggestibility exposure to media/therapist socially constructed/iatrogenic iver 80% no knowledge prior to treatment, experts can't distinguish exposure to things like the media
68
iatrogenic
manufacture of disorder by its treatment condition that is created by the treatment mostly DID - only happens when someone goes to therapy
69
treatment of DID- posttraumatic theory
recover memories integration
70
treatment of DID- sociocognitive theory
reduce reinforcement for dissociation encourage acceptance of, and other ways of coping with, distress
71

Abnormal Psych (2 decks)

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