Exam 2 Flashcards
What are the Characteristics of Epithelial tissues?
- Polarity (Basal and Apical side)
- Supported by connective tissue (basement membrane)
- Specialized contacts (desmosomes and gap junctions)
- Avascular (lack blood vessels)
- Can regenerate
What are the functions of Epithelial Tissue?
P- protect underlying tissues
E- excrete sweat
A- absorb nutrients
S- secrete (glands within the body)
How many names are given to Epithelial Tissue?
Cuboidal
Squamous
Columnar
Transitional
What are the 2 ways to classify Epithelial Tissue?
Simple
Stratified
Pseudostratified
Name the location and function: Simple Squamous
Location: Air sacs of lungs, lining of heart
Function: Allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration
Name the location and function: Simple Cuboidal
Location: Kidney tubules, ducts of small glands like thyroid
Function: Secretion and Absorption
Name the location and function: Simple Columnar
Location: Digestive tract, Uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus
Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances
What do microvilli do?
Increase surface area for nutrient absorption
Name the location and function: Simple Pseudostratified Columnar
Location: Noncilliated in male’s sperm-carrying ducts, ciliated in the trachea
Function Propulsion of mucus by ciliary action
Name the location and function: Stratified Squamous
Location: Epidermis of skin
Function: Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
Name the location and function: Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Location: Rare, in some sweat and mammary glands
Function: secretion and excretion and protection
Name the location and function: Stratified Cuboidal
Location: limited, small amounts in pharynx, male urethra
Also occurs at transition areas between other epithelia
Name the location and function: Transitional Epithelium
Location: Lines ureters and bladder
Function: Stretches readily, permits stores urine to distend
What is carcinoma
Cancerous tissue originated in epithelial tissue
Characteristics: continually divide, do not specialize, lose their ability for cell adhesion,
and can penetrate through tissue
What are the 2 types of glands?
Exocrine- ducts that open onto surfaces
Endocrine- glands that secrete into tissue fluid or blood- ductless
Types of exocrine glands
Unicellular- mucous cells and goblet cells, found in intestinal and respiratory tract, produce mucin
Multicellular- simple glands or compound glands
Cells tubular, alveolar, or tubuloalveolal
Types of Multicellular exocrine gland secretions
Merocrine- most- secrete by exocytosis
Holocrine- Accumulate products and rupture
Apocrine- Accumulates products but only apex ruptures
Characteristics of Connective Tissue
- Most widely distributed tissue in the body
- Consist of cells distributed in the extracellular matrix
- Further classified by contents of extracellular matrix
- Varying degrees of vascularity (arise from mesenchyme cells)
What are the functions of Connective Tissue
M- movement
I- insulation
S- support other tissues
S- storage
P- protect vital organs
A- Attachment of tissues/organs
T- transports
I- immunity
3 structures of connective tissue?
- Ground substance
- unstructured material
fills interstitial space
- unstructured material
- Fibers
- Collagen, Elastin,
Reticular
- Collagen, Elastin,
- Cells
Types of Fibers
Collagen: strong
Elastin: strong but flexible
Reticular: branched and spongy
What are the 4 classes of Connective Tissue?
- Blood
- Boone
- Cartilage
- Connective Tissue Proper
Subclasses of Connective Tissue Proper: Areolar LOOSE CT
Cell: fibroblast
Fiber: Collagen, elastic, and reticular
Ex. Hollow organs, most widely distributed tissue
Subclasses of Connective Tissue Proper: Adipose LOOSE CT
Cell: Adiposcyte
Ex. Under skin and surface
Subclasses of Connective Tissue Proper: Reticular LOOSE CT
Fiber: reticular
Ex. Spleen, lymph nodes, blood vessels
Subclasses of Connective Tissue Proper: Regular DENSE CT
Cell: Fibroblast
Fiber: Collagen
Ex. Tendons and ligaments
Subclasses of Connective Tissue Proper: Irregular DENSE
Cell: Fibroblast
Fiber: Collagen
Ex. Joints and dermis
Subclasses of Connective Tissue Proper: DENSE Elastic
Cell: Fibroblast
Fiber: Elastic
Ex. Aorta and ligaments
Subclasses of Cartilage: Hyaline Cartilage
Cell: Chondrocytes (lacunae)
No fibers
Ex. Ends of bones, rib and sternum
Subclasses of Cartilage: Elastic Cartilage
Cell: Chondrocytes
Fibers: Elastic
Ex. Ear and epiglotis
Subclasses of Cartilage: Fibrocartilage
Cell: Chondrocytes
Fiber: Collagen
Ex. Reinforce ligament or joint after damage, Intervertebral discs, discs of knee joints
Subclass of Bone
Cell: Osteocytes
Ex. Bone
Subclass of Blood
Cell: Eurothrocyte, Leukocytes, Platlets, and plasma
Ex. Blood vessel
Functions of Nervous Tissue
R- Reception
R- Receiving
I- Integration
R- Response
Types of Nervous Tissue
Neuron
Neuroglia
Location: Brain, spinal cord, and Nerves
What are the four types of membrane?
- CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE- skin, made of epithelial and connective tissue
- MUCOUS MEMBRANE- Line cavities tubes (open outside), an epithelial overlying layer of alveolar connective tissue, secretes mucus
- SERSOUS MEMBRANE- lines body cavities (Don’t open outside), reduces friction, secretes serous fluid, ex. lungs, heart, periosteun
- SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE- lines joints, secrets synovial fluid, helps lubricate
2 ways tissues repair
- Regeneration- same tissue replaces lost tissue, original function restored
- Fibrosis- connective tissue replaces lost tissue, original function lost
3 steps of tissue regeneration
- Inflammation
- Organization restores blood supply
- Regeneration and fibrosis
Tissues that regenerate well?
Epithelial Tissue
Bone
Alveolar Connective Tissue
Dense Irregular Tissue
Blood Forming Tissue
Tissues that regenerate moderately?
Smooth muscle
Dense regular Tissue
Tissues that don’t regenerate?
Cardiac muscle
Nervous Muscle
Spinal Chord
What tissue is the Epidermis made of?
Stratified Squamous
What tissue is the Dermis made of?
Dense irregular, connective tissue, smooth muscle, nervous tissue, and blood
What tissue is the Hypodermis made of?
Masses of alveolar tissue, and adipose tissue
Layers of epidermis in order?
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidium (thick skin only)
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale
Types of cells in the dermis
Dendritic cells: inform and fight against invasive pathogens
Tactile Cells: transmit sensations of light touch
How is pigmentation created?
No. of melanocytes
Eumelanin (black/brown)
Pheomelanin (pink for lips and
nipple)
Factors for skin pigmentation?
Heredity
Environment
Psychological
What tissue is the dermis?
Strong, flexible connective tissue
Cells: Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and white blood cells
What appendages are present in the dermis?
Eccrine sweat gland
Arrector pili muscle
Sebaceous gland
Hair follicle
Hair root
What kind of tissue is found in the papillary layer?
Areolar loose connective tissue with collagen
Fiber elastic with blood vessels
Dermal papillae
Contains Meissner corpuscles (touch), Pacinian corpuscle (pressure), make fingerprints in thick skin
What kind of tissue is found in the reticular layer?
Dense fibrous connective tissue
collagen fibers: provide strength/resiliency
Bind water
Cleveae lines
What are decubitus ulcers?
Pressure ulcers- kill cells ability to divide
2 types of skin cancer?
Carcinoma- cancer from epithelial tissue
Melanoma- cancer from melanocytes
4 appendages of skin
- hair/follicles
- Nails
- Sweat glands
- Sebascous glands
2 types of hair
Vellus: pale fine hair
Terminal: thick coarse hair
2 different types of skin glands
- Sebaceous glands
- Sweat glands
- Eccrine glands (skin)
- Apocrine glands (hair)
Normal body temp?
37 degrees C
Hyperthermia vs Hypothermia
Hyperthermia: overheat body temp above 103-105 F, insensible perspiration
Hypothermia: body temp drops, varies
Boil
Skin infection that starts in the hair follicle or oil gland- white pustule of ring
Vesicle
Fluid bumps that look like bubbles
Cyst
Infection in the dermis, never comes to surface- forms lumps under skin
Wart
Neoplasm caused by virus in deepest part of dermis
Urticaria
Hives
Pruritus
Itchiness of skin