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A&P > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Characteristics of Epithelial tissues?

A
  1. Polarity (Basal and Apical side)
  2. Supported by connective tissue (basement membrane)
  3. Specialized contacts (desmosomes and gap junctions)
  4. Avascular (lack blood vessels)
  5. Can regenerate
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2
Q

What are the functions of Epithelial Tissue?

A

P- protect underlying tissues
E- excrete sweat
A- absorb nutrients
S- secrete (glands within the body)

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3
Q

How many names are given to Epithelial Tissue?

A

Cuboidal
Squamous
Columnar
Transitional

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4
Q

What are the 2 ways to classify Epithelial Tissue?

A

Simple
Stratified
Pseudostratified

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5
Q

Name the location and function: Simple Squamous

A

Location: Air sacs of lungs, lining of heart

Function: Allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration

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6
Q

Name the location and function: Simple Cuboidal

A

Location: Kidney tubules, ducts of small glands like thyroid

Function: Secretion and Absorption

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7
Q

Name the location and function: Simple Columnar

A

Location: Digestive tract, Uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus

Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances

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8
Q

What do microvilli do?

A

Increase surface area for nutrient absorption

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9
Q

Name the location and function: Simple Pseudostratified Columnar

A

Location: Noncilliated in male’s sperm-carrying ducts, ciliated in the trachea

Function Propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

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10
Q

Name the location and function: Stratified Squamous

A

Location: Epidermis of skin

Function: Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

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11
Q

Name the location and function: Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Location: Rare, in some sweat and mammary glands

Function: secretion and excretion and protection

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12
Q

Name the location and function: Stratified Cuboidal

A

Location: limited, small amounts in pharynx, male urethra
Also occurs at transition areas between other epithelia

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13
Q

Name the location and function: Transitional Epithelium

A

Location: Lines ureters and bladder

Function: Stretches readily, permits stores urine to distend

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14
Q

What is carcinoma

A

Cancerous tissue originated in epithelial tissue

Characteristics: continually divide, do not specialize, lose their ability for cell adhesion,
and can penetrate through tissue

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of glands?

A

Exocrine- ducts that open onto surfaces

Endocrine- glands that secrete into tissue fluid or blood- ductless

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16
Q

Types of exocrine glands

A

Unicellular- mucous cells and goblet cells, found in intestinal and respiratory tract, produce mucin

Multicellular- simple glands or compound glands
Cells tubular, alveolar, or tubuloalveolal

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17
Q

Types of Multicellular exocrine gland secretions

A

Merocrine- most- secrete by exocytosis

Holocrine- Accumulate products and rupture

Apocrine- Accumulates products but only apex ruptures

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18
Q

Characteristics of Connective Tissue

A
  1. Most widely distributed tissue in the body
  2. Consist of cells distributed in the extracellular matrix
  3. Further classified by contents of extracellular matrix
  4. Varying degrees of vascularity (arise from mesenchyme cells)
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19
Q

What are the functions of Connective Tissue

A

M- movement
I- insulation
S- support other tissues
S- storage
P- protect vital organs
A- Attachment of tissues/organs
T- transports
I- immunity

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20
Q

3 structures of connective tissue?

A
  1. Ground substance
    • unstructured material
      fills interstitial space
  2. Fibers
    • Collagen, Elastin,
      Reticular
  3. Cells
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21
Q

Types of Fibers

A

Collagen: strong
Elastin: strong but flexible
Reticular: branched and spongy

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22
Q

What are the 4 classes of Connective Tissue?

A
  1. Blood
  2. Boone
  3. Cartilage
  4. Connective Tissue Proper
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23
Q

Subclasses of Connective Tissue Proper: Areolar LOOSE CT

A

Cell: fibroblast
Fiber: Collagen, elastic, and reticular
Ex. Hollow organs, most widely distributed tissue

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24
Q

Subclasses of Connective Tissue Proper: Adipose LOOSE CT

A

Cell: Adiposcyte
Ex. Under skin and surface

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25
Q

Subclasses of Connective Tissue Proper: Reticular LOOSE CT

A

Fiber: reticular
Ex. Spleen, lymph nodes, blood vessels

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26
Q

Subclasses of Connective Tissue Proper: Regular DENSE CT

A

Cell: Fibroblast
Fiber: Collagen
Ex. Tendons and ligaments

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27
Q

Subclasses of Connective Tissue Proper: Irregular DENSE

A

Cell: Fibroblast
Fiber: Collagen
Ex. Joints and dermis

28
Q

Subclasses of Connective Tissue Proper: DENSE Elastic

A

Cell: Fibroblast
Fiber: Elastic
Ex. Aorta and ligaments

29
Q

Subclasses of Cartilage: Hyaline Cartilage

A

Cell: Chondrocytes (lacunae)
No fibers
Ex. Ends of bones, rib and sternum

30
Q

Subclasses of Cartilage: Elastic Cartilage

A

Cell: Chondrocytes
Fibers: Elastic
Ex. Ear and epiglotis

31
Q

Subclasses of Cartilage: Fibrocartilage

A

Cell: Chondrocytes
Fiber: Collagen
Ex. Reinforce ligament or joint after damage, Intervertebral discs, discs of knee joints

32
Q

Subclass of Bone

A

Cell: Osteocytes
Ex. Bone

33
Q

Subclass of Blood

A

Cell: Eurothrocyte, Leukocytes, Platlets, and plasma
Ex. Blood vessel

34
Q

Functions of Nervous Tissue

A

R- Reception
R- Receiving
I- Integration
R- Response

35
Q

Types of Nervous Tissue

A

Neuron
Neuroglia

Location: Brain, spinal cord, and Nerves

36
Q

What are the four types of membrane?

A
  1. CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE- skin, made of epithelial and connective tissue
  2. MUCOUS MEMBRANE- Line cavities tubes (open outside), an epithelial overlying layer of alveolar connective tissue, secretes mucus
  3. SERSOUS MEMBRANE- lines body cavities (Don’t open outside), reduces friction, secretes serous fluid, ex. lungs, heart, periosteun
  4. SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE- lines joints, secrets synovial fluid, helps lubricate
37
Q

2 ways tissues repair

A
  1. Regeneration- same tissue replaces lost tissue, original function restored
  2. Fibrosis- connective tissue replaces lost tissue, original function lost
38
Q

3 steps of tissue regeneration

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Organization restores blood supply
  3. Regeneration and fibrosis
39
Q

Tissues that regenerate well?

A

Epithelial Tissue
Bone
Alveolar Connective Tissue
Dense Irregular Tissue
Blood Forming Tissue

40
Q

Tissues that regenerate moderately?

A

Smooth muscle
Dense regular Tissue

41
Q

Tissues that don’t regenerate?

A

Cardiac muscle
Nervous Muscle
Spinal Chord

42
Q

What tissue is the Epidermis made of?

A

Stratified Squamous

43
Q

What tissue is the Dermis made of?

A

Dense irregular, connective tissue, smooth muscle, nervous tissue, and blood

44
Q

What tissue is the Hypodermis made of?

A

Masses of alveolar tissue, and adipose tissue

45
Q

Layers of epidermis in order?

A

Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidium (thick skin only)
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale

46
Q

Types of cells in the dermis

A

Dendritic cells: inform and fight against invasive pathogens
Tactile Cells: transmit sensations of light touch

47
Q

How is pigmentation created?

A

No. of melanocytes
Eumelanin (black/brown)
Pheomelanin (pink for lips and
nipple)

48
Q

Factors for skin pigmentation?

A

Heredity
Environment
Psychological

49
Q

What tissue is the dermis?

A

Strong, flexible connective tissue
Cells: Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and white blood cells

50
Q

What appendages are present in the dermis?

A

Eccrine sweat gland
Arrector pili muscle
Sebaceous gland
Hair follicle
Hair root

51
Q

What kind of tissue is found in the papillary layer?

A

Areolar loose connective tissue with collagen
Fiber elastic with blood vessels

52
Q

Dermal papillae

A

Contains Meissner corpuscles (touch), Pacinian corpuscle (pressure), make fingerprints in thick skin

53
Q

What kind of tissue is found in the reticular layer?

A

Dense fibrous connective tissue
collagen fibers: provide strength/resiliency
Bind water
Cleveae lines

54
Q

What are decubitus ulcers?

A

Pressure ulcers- kill cells ability to divide

55
Q

2 types of skin cancer?

A

Carcinoma- cancer from epithelial tissue
Melanoma- cancer from melanocytes

56
Q

4 appendages of skin

A
  1. hair/follicles
  2. Nails
  3. Sweat glands
  4. Sebascous glands
57
Q

2 types of hair

A

Vellus: pale fine hair
Terminal: thick coarse hair

58
Q

2 different types of skin glands

A
  1. Sebaceous glands
  2. Sweat glands
    • Eccrine glands (skin)
    • Apocrine glands (hair)
59
Q

Normal body temp?

A

37 degrees C

60
Q

Hyperthermia vs Hypothermia

A

Hyperthermia: overheat body temp above 103-105 F, insensible perspiration

Hypothermia: body temp drops, varies

61
Q

Boil

A

Skin infection that starts in the hair follicle or oil gland- white pustule of ring

62
Q

Vesicle

A

Fluid bumps that look like bubbles

63
Q

Cyst

A

Infection in the dermis, never comes to surface- forms lumps under skin

64
Q

Wart

A

Neoplasm caused by virus in deepest part of dermis

65
Q

Urticaria

A

Hives

66
Q

Pruritus

A

Itchiness of skin

A&P (5 decks)

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